Miscellaneous
The backbone of DNA consists of which two molecules?
Phosphate group and 5 carbon sugar (deoxyribose or ribose)
These types of bonds are located between the nitrogenous bases in DNA.
Hydrogen bonds.
These are the two major parts of protein synthesis.
Transcription and translation.
How many genotypes are possible for Mendelian monohybrid crosses?
3 - homozygous dominant, heterozygous, homozygous recessive
This type of eukaryotic gene regulation occurs by modifying the overall structure of DNA by adding a functional group that stops transcription from occurring.
DNA Methylation
The enzyme that ensures that relieves DNA from supercoiling itself.
Topoisomerase
All new DNA must be replcated in this direction.
5' --> 3'
Translation begins with what and ends with what? Hint, these are specific codons that tell the process to start and stop.
Start codon and stop codon.
You view a pedigree and notice that the trait:
1. Skips at least one generation
2. Is more common in males and less common in females
3. Affected mothers pass the trait to all of their sons.
What is the inheritance pattern?
X-Linked recessive
The lactose operon is an example of this type of operon. Hint: it means the gene can be turned on
Inducible operon
Failure of chromosomes to separate properly during meiosis is called _ and happens during these phases of meiosis.
nondisjunction/anaphase I/II
1. What is the monomer of nucleic acids.
2. What are the 3 parts of the monomer of nucleic acids?
1. Nucleotide
2. Sugar, phosphate group, nitrogenous base (A, T, C, G, U)
Both eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms have this special sequence that is found right before a gene. It is where the machinery (RNA polymerase) attaches to DNA.
Scientists discover that a certain trait is controlled by 10 genes on the 10th chromosome. What type of inheritance pattern does this trait have?
Polygenic inheritance
These proteins are used exclusively in prokaryotic organisms. They bind to operator sites to regulate operons.
Repressor proteins
A type of genetic inheritance where a third phenotype appears from the blending of the two extreme phenotypes.
incomplete dominance
DNA replication is considered this, because every new molecule of DNA is 1/2 original (template) and 1/2 new DNA.
Semi-conservative
What is the corresponding mRNA sequence for the following DNA?
TAC AAA GCG TTA ACT
AUG UUU CGC AAU UGA
A researcher is studying hair color and hair length in mice. Yellow (B) is dominant to white (b) for color, and Long (L) is dominant to short (l) for length. If the researcher crosses a mouse that is homozygous black/homozygous long with a mouse that is homozygous white/homozygous short, what should the researcher expect to see?
What happens in the tryptophan operon when there is a high concentration of tryptophan in the cell?
The gene is repressed (turned off). This is because the trp operon is a repressible operon.
The study of gene regulation that does not modify the DNA, but still modifies the expression of genes. Includes DNA methylation and histone acetylation.
Epigenetics
Why is one side of DNA replication called the lagging strand?
Because that strand of DNA is made in many smaller pieces, that must be joined with DNA Ligase, before the process is complete.
What is the corresponding amino acid sequence for the following mRNA?
AUG UUU CGC AAU UGA
Met(START), phe, arg, asn, STOP
Sickle-cell anemia is controlled by a gene that not only affects the shape of your red blood cells (trait 1), but also your ability to transport oxygen (trait 2), and your susceptibility to malaria (trait 3).
Pleiotropy
These molecules are used when regulating the initiation of eukaryotic transcription.
Enhancers, activators, and silencers