Introductory
Component of integrated Earth system dealing with materials such as rocks, minerals, sediments, soils, "the solid Earth"
Geosphere
Name the 5 requirements to be classified as a mineral
What are the 4 types of sediments and sedimentary rocks?
Clastic, chemical, volcanogenic, organic
Quartz
Foliated, coarse-grained metamorphic rock where the minerals were separated into layers during metamorphism
Gneiss!
A component of the integrated Earth system dealing with the water of Earth
Hydrosphere
A class of non-silicate minerals that have a negative charge in its chemical formula from oxygen isotopes (O2-)
Oxides
A clastic sedimentary rock that is composed of particles smaller than 1/256mm and is laminated
Shale
Volcanic glass, smooth appearance due to an extremely fast rate of cooling
Obsidian!
The direction of differential stress in metamorphic rocks can be indicated by what?
Foliation
A combination of related parts interacting in an organized fashion
System
Minerals that contain CO3 in their chemical formula are called what?
Carbonates
A clastic sedimentary rock entirely made up of sand-sized particles and composed of quartz
Quartz arenite
Igenous rock defined by phaneritic texture and mafic composition
Gabbro
What type of rock underwent metamorphism to produce a quartzite?
Quartz arenite
A testable statement that can be tested, rejected, or modified
Hypothesis
A structure composed of 4 oxygen atoms surrounding a silicon atom to form a three-sided pyramid, also known as the "building block" of silicate minerals
Silicon-oxygen tetrahedron
What is the primary basis for the classification of clastic sedimentary rocks?
Size of sediment particles
Igneous rock defined by aphantic texture and intermediate composition
Andesite
What are three major factors that control metamorphism?
Heat/pressure, composition of the protolith, and presence of fluids
Geologic time that spans billions of years, essential for understanding the history of the planet
Deep time
Name the minerals in order from softest to hardest in order (Mohs Hardness Scale)
Talc, gypsum, calcite, flourite, apatite, orthoclase, quartz, topaz, corundum, diamond
Carbonate rock consisting of irregular chunks of pre-existing carbonate material, composed of calcite
Intracalstic limestone
Fragments of country rock included within intrusive igneous bodies
Xenolith
Non-foliated metamorphic rock with large interlocking calcite crystals
Marble