Dynamic landscapes
What is the outermost solid layer of the Earth called?
The crust.
What do we call the practice of growing crops or raising animals for food?
Agriculture.
What does “urbanisation” mean?
The increase in the proportion of people living in towns and cities.
What do we call the boundary between two air masses?
A front.
Name one type of plate boundary where earthquakes are common.
Conservative (transform), destructive, or constructive boundary.
Name one factor that influences the type of farming in a region.
Climate, soil quality, relief, or market access.
What is a megacity?
A city with more than 10 million inhabitants.
Which instrument is used to measure air pressure?
A barometer.
Explain why volcanoes are often found at destructive plate boundaries.
Subduction forces the denser oceanic plate under the continental plate, melting rock and producing magma.
What is the difference between subsistence and commercial farming?
Subsistence = growing food for family/local use; Commercial = producing food for sale.
Give one push factor and one pull factor for rural–urban migration.
Push: lack of jobs, poor services. Pull: better employment, education, healthcare.
What type of rainfall occurs when moist air is forced to rise over mountains?
Relief (or orographic) rainfall.
Which secondary hazard can occur after an earthquake under the ocean?
A tsunami.
Give one advantage and one disadvantage of using fertilisers.
Advantage: increases yield; Disadvantage: can pollute rivers (eutrophication).
What is meant by “urban sprawl”?
The uncontrolled expansion of urban areas into surrounding countryside.
Explain why areas near the Equator are usually hot and wet.
Sun’s rays are concentrated; rising warm air leads to convectional rainfall.
Using an example, explain how human activity can make the impacts of an earthquake worse.
Example: In Haiti (2010), poor infrastructure, lack of emergency services, and high population density worsened the damage.
Explain how Fair Trade can help farmers in developing countries.
Ensures farmers receive a fair price, supports community projects, reduces exploitation by middlemen.
Describe one sustainable solution to urban problems in a named city.
Example: Curitiba, Brazil — integrated public transport system reduces traffic, recycling programmes, green spaces improve quality of life.
Using an example, explain how human activity contributes to climate change.
Example: Burning fossil fuels releases CO₂ → greenhouse effect → global warming.