Earth
What are the layers of the Earth?
Crust
Mantle
Outer Core
Inner Core
What is a cyclone?
A cyclone is a mass of air that rotates around a low atmospheric pressure
What is a volcano?
A volcano is a rupture in the Earth's surface which enables the magma to escape
What is an earthquake?
An earthquake is the sudden shaking of the Earth's surface
What is a tsunami?
A tsunami is a series of waves caused by the displacement of large volumes of water
What are the two types of crust?
Continental Crust
Oceanic Crust
What are the different parts of a cyclone?
Approximately 60% of active volcanoes are found at the Ring of Fire which is located in the basin of the Pacific Ocean.
What are the three different tectonic plate boundaries?
Convergent plates are when one plate hits into another causing the denser plate to be subducted, eventually eroding away. This eventually can cause mountains and volcanoes to form.
Divergent interactions are when two tectonic plates move apart forming an ocean basin in the middle.
Transform interactions are when two plates rub next to each other causing friction which builds pressure and is released as an earthquake
How big was the tsunami that hit Australia in 2007 as a result of an earthquake.
The tsunami had a height of up to 10m and flooded 500m inland
What are some of the main differences between the inner and outer core?
The outer core is a liquid layer of iron and nickel whereas the inner core is a solid rock of iron and nickel. Both the inner and outer core make approximately 15% of the Earth's surface
What is the difference between a cyclone, hurricane and a typhoon?
The difference is the location of the storm. In the Atlantic and Northeast Pacific it is a hurricane, in the Northwest Pacific it is a typhoon, whereas in the South Pacific and Indian Ocean it is known as a cyclone.
What are the three different types of volcanoes?
Active volcanoes have erupted in the last 10 000 years
Dormant volcanoes have not erupted in 10 000 years however are said to erupt again
Extinct volcanoes have not erupted in 10 000 years and are said to not erupt again
What is the epicentre of an earthquake?
The epicentre is the point on the surface of the Earth directly above the hypocentre
What is the wave amplitude?
Lithosphere (upper mantle)
Asthenosphere (lower mantle)
What is the most dangerous part of a cyclone? Why?
The eyewall is the most destructive part of a cyclone. It is where the winds are the strongest and rainfall is the heaviest.
How are volcanoes detected and measured?
Volcanoes are often caused by earthquakes and therefore are detected by seismometers, however can also be detected by satellite technology. This technology detects changes in temperature and other readings.
Volcanoes are measured by the Volcanic Explosivity Index which was created in 1982 and is a scale of 0-8. The VEI also uses qualitative observations and categorises volcanoes on a scale of gentle to mega-colossal.
What is the hypocentre?
The hypocentre is where the rupture of the plate boundaries first occurred leading to the earthquake
How is a tsunami measured?
A tsunami is measured by coastal tide gages and by tsunami buoys in the deep ocean. The tide gauge measures the waves however the deep ocean buoys have sensors on the seafloor which detect the pressure signature of a tsunami
The inner core is a solid rock made up of iron and nickel. It is approximately 5 500oC
How is a cyclone measured and who made this invention?
A cyclone is measured by the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale. It was created by Herbert Saffir and Bob Simpson in 1971.
Describe how the magma escapes the volcano.
The magma chamber rises in pressure causing the magma to rise up the conduit pipe and then through either the branch pipe out of the parasitic cone or through the throat of the volcano and out of the crater and vent down the sides.
How is an earthquake measured? Who made this?
An earthquake is measured by the Richter Scale which was created by Charles F. Richter and Beno Gutenberg in 1935. It measures the intensity of the earthquake in magnitudes.
A disruption of the seafloor causes large volumes of water to be displaced forming a wave. This wave initially is quite small in height however as it nears the shore it gains height and slows down in speed. Tsunami waves can be minutes or hours apart and the first wave is not necessarily the largest.