Show:
Tsunamis
Volcanoes
Specific Eruptions
Landslides
Floods
100
Along the Ring of Fire in the Pacific Ocean, with one major tsunami occurring every decade
Where do tsunamis occur?
100
The fluidity of magma, essentially its resistance to flow
What is viscosity?
100
An active volcano on an island of the Caribbean, which had pyroclastic flow race down its slopes
What is Mt. Pele (1902)?
100
Occur on steep, near-vertical cliffs where rocks can fall freely through the air.
What is rockfall?
100
Man-made steep walls along the sides of the rivers that constrain water within the channel by increasing the elevation of the natural banks; they open up flood plains for agriculture and urban development
What are levees?
200
After a large earthquake, volcanic eruption, landslide, or meteorite impact that displaces large volumes of water in the ocean or lakes
How is a tsunami initiated?
200
A rapidly flowing mixture of rock, debris, ash, and water that originates on the slopes of a volcano.
What is a volcanic mudflow (lahar)?
200
As volcanoes grow, their flanks become unstable and they develop planes of weakness that extend downward into the volcano and slope steeply toward the sea.
What is flank collapse?
200
An area of land that is prone to flooding; its usually a flat area with higher elevation on both sides
What is a floodplain?
300
A convergent margin the Pacific Northwest that is highly vulnerable to a major earthquake and a resulting major tsunami.
What is the Cascadia convergent margin?
300
It is driven by rapid de-gassing when gas-rich magmas reach the surface, it may be molten or solid, and is categorized by their size
What is pyroclastic volcanism?
300
A case study of potential hazards associated with volcanic eruptions. It had combined effects of explosive blast, ash fall and flow, lahars, and a typhoon.
What is Mt. Pinatubo in the Philippines?
300
Describes all types of rapid downslope movement of rock, soil, and other debris.
What is a landslide?
300
Because of under-seepage, piping, and overtopping
How do levees fail?
400
Only exists in the Pacific Ocean because of the greater potential for danger along the Ring of Fire.
What is a tsunami warning system?
400
A logarithmic scale for classifying the intensity of a given volcanic eruption; it is mainly determined by the volume of material
What is the Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI)?
400
The largest volcanic eruption in the past 10,000 years, it resulted in "The Year Without a Summer"
What is Tambora, Indonesia?
400
Large boulders of coral reef and broken and smashed marine fossils above the coast
What is the evidence that large tsunamis due to flank collapses have occurred in the past?
400
It would be the meteorological event such as what California experienced in 1861, when much of the Central Valley was flooded all winter
What is an ARK storm scenario?
500
In the open ocean, waves travel at jetliner speeds, but as they reach the shallower depth of the ocean, they slow down because they must squeeze their energy and volume in smaller spaces, therefore causing an increase in wave height.
What is tsunami mechanics?
500
Includes, flied studies, measuring topographical changes, seismicity, changes in heat flow, and volcanic gas emissions.
What are methods of prediciton?
500
Was caused by a lahar and resulted in the second largest loss of life in any volcanic disaster; it illustrates the hazards of lahars and the consequences of an inadequate emergency response plan.
What is Nevado del Ruiz 1985?
500
Slope angle, water content, strength and coherence of the material
What factors govern whether a slope will fall in a landslide?
500
An area of land that is prone to flooding; its usually a flat area with higher elevation on both sides
What is a floodplain?