Minerals and rocks
Which mineral scores 10 on the Mohs hardness scale?
What is Diamond
What rock type forms when sediments are compacted and cemented?
What is Sedimentary rock
What supercontinent began breaking up about 175 million years ago?
What is Pangaea
This term names a break in rock along which movement has occurred.
What is a fault
What large, slow-moving mass of ice shapes valleys and deposits moraines?
What is a Glacier
Which rock forms from cooled magma beneath Earth’s surface and usually has large crystals?
What is Intrusive igneous rock / plutonic rock
What process transforms sedimentary rock into metamorphic rock?
Metamorphism
What boundary type involves plates sliding past each other?
What is the transform boundary
When two blocks of crust slide horizontally past one another, this type of fault is formed.
What is a strike-slip fault?
What natural hazard is caused by sudden slip on a fault?
What is a earthquake
What group of minerals (including quartz and feldspar) makes up most of the continental crust?
What is silicates
Name two main steps required to turn loose sediment into a sedimentary rock.
What is Deposition and lithification — compaction/cementation
Which convergent boundary involves oceanic crust subducting beneath continental crust?
What is Oceanic-continental convergent
his arch-shaped fold has its oldest rocks in the center and limbs that dip away from the hinge.
What is an anticline?
Which sedimentary rock is the primary raw material for cement?
What is Limestone
What term describes a rock with very small crystals from rapid cooling of lava?
What is Aphanitic
What processes break down igneous rock into sediment?
What is Weathering and erosion
Which seismic waves travel fastest and pass through both solids and liquids?
What is P-waves / primary waves
In this fault the hanging wall moves downward relative to the footwall, commonly at divergent settings.
What is a normal fault?
What modern scale is used to express earthquake size based on seismic moment?
What is Moment magnitude scale, Mw
Which magnesium-iron mineral common in mantle peridotite alters to serpentine during hydration?
What is Olivine
Describe the sequence where granite becomes gneiss.
What is Granite → burial + heat/pressure → regional metamorphism → gneiss
What process at mid-ocean ridges creates new oceanic crust and drives plate motion?
What is Sea-floor spreading driven by mantle convection
This term describes tight, wave-like bending of rock layers produced by compressional stress; examples include anticlines, synclines, and monoclines.
What are folds
Name a low-emission renewable energy source that uses heat from Earth’s interior.
What is Geothermal energy