Rules
How does the typical position of the subject differ in English compared to Kazakh and Russian?
English: фиксированная позиция перед сказуемым (SVO).
Russian: свободный порядок слов; субъект может стоять в начале, середине, конце (VSO/SOV/SVO).
Kazakh: субъект обычно перед сказуемым, но язык агглютинативный, и порядок слов более свободный (SOV — базовый).
Why is the English spelling system considered morphophonemic rather than purely phonetic?
Because English spelling reflects not only sounds but also morphological structure, preserving roots and affixes even when pronunciation changes (e.g., “sign” → “signal”).
What is the difference between “denotation” and “connotation” in lexical meaning?
Denotation is the literal, dictionary meaning of a word; connotation is the emotional or cultural association the word carries.
Why is the predicate considered more morphologically complex in Kazakh and Russian than in English?
Because in Kazakh и Russian глагол выражает время, лицо, число, вид, залог, наклонение, а в казахском ещё и гармонию гласных и аффиксацию.
В English predicate is mostly analytical — uses auxiliary verbs instead of rich inflection.
If the sentence “The book was read by the student” is passive, what is the corresponding active voice form?
The student read the book.
Which lexical process forms the word “brunch” and what does it represent?
It is formed by blending, combining breakfast + lunch.
What is the main structural difference between the English object and the Kazakh/Russian object?
English: объект определяется в основном позицией (word order).
Kazakh & Russian: объект определяется падежами — табыс септік/винительный падеж.
3. Which tense logically fits the context: “By the time you arrive, I ___ (finish) the report”?
Will have finished — because it describes an action completed before a future moment.
What term describes words borrowed from another language but adapted to English spelling and pronunciation?
Assimilated loanwords (or fully assimilated borrowings).
Which language requires an obligatory expressed subject, and which allows a null subject?
English: subject must be expressed ("It rains"). No null subject.
Russian: допускается нулевой субъект (“Иду домой”).
Kazakh: нулевой субъект — обычное явление (“Бара жатырмын” — “I am going”).
Analyze the ambiguity: “Visiting relatives can be annoying.” What are the two possible interpretations?
1)You visiting relatives is annoying.
2)Relatives who are visiting you are annoying.
This is syntactic ambiguity.
Identify the semantic relationship between the words “rose” and “flower”.
Hyponymy: a rose is a type of flower.
In comparative typology, why are English attributes often prepositive, while Kazakh and Russian attributes are typically postpositive?
Because English follows the Germanic pattern: adjective + noun (“big house”).
In Kazakh and Russian, определение может идти после существительного, особенно в формальных и литературных структурах (“үй үлкен”, “дом большой”).
Казахский — более строго постпозитивный во многих конструкциях.
Why is “fewer water” incorrect from a semantic and grammatical perspective?
Because “fewer” modifies countable nouns, while “water” is uncountable.
The correct form is “less water.”
What do we call a word that changes its grammatical category without changing its form (e.g., “to bottle”, “to Google”)?
Conversion (zero-derivation).