Layers of the geosphere
Which three layers is The Geosphere made up
The crust, the mantle and the core
If the chemical composition of a mineral is SiO, is it a silicate or non-silicate mineral?
Silicate
What is a rock?
A rock is a solid, natural aggregate made up of one or more types of minerals.
True or false:
Igneous rocks-> weathering and erosion-> burial -> lithification -> Sedimentary rocks
Two options:
1. Igneous rocks-> weathering and erosion -> lithification -> Sedimentary rocks
Igneous rocks -> weathering and erosion-> burial -> Metamorphic rocks
What does it refer to?
1 - A rock used for kitchen counters and buildings
2 - A valuable mineral used in jewelry
3 - A metamorphic rock used to build monuments
4 - A mineral necessary to conduct electricity
1 - Granite
2 - Diamond / gold
3 - Marble
4 - Copper
Say one example of rock for both types of the crust.
Continental: granite, clay or slate.
Oceanic: basalt
What is the hardness? What do we use to measure it?
A mineral's resistance to being scratched.
We use the Mohs scale.
According to their origin, what types of rocks are there?
Sedimentary, Metamorphics, and igneous.
How are metamorphic rocks formed? How do we call this process?
By changes in the composition of the minerals because of a high pressure or temperature.
It is called metamorphism.
We can observe large crytals in a magmatic rock. Whay type is it?
Plutonic Rock
What is the crust and what are the two types?
The crust is the outermost layer of the Earth: continental and oceanic crust.
List at least 6 properties of minerals.
Crystal habit / Colour and Streak colour / Lustre / Hardness / Cleavage / Transparency / Magnetism
If one rock was made up by the cooling of the magma outside of the crust, what type of rocks is?
Magamatic: volcanic rock
Can an igneous rock become another igneous rock? Why?
Yes, if it is melted and cooled down again.
What are the thickness ranges for the continental and oceanic crust?
Continental: 25-70 km
Oceanic: 6-10 km
List the 4 discontinuities and explain which layers they separe.
- Mohorovicic (10 - 70km): crust - mantle
- Repetti (670 km): upper mantle - lower mantle
- Gutenberg (2900 km): upper mantle - outer core
- Lehmann (5120 km): outer core - inner core
What is the difference between an ore and a gangue?
Ore: valuable mineral
Gangue: other valueless minerals found together with the ores
What is a sedimentary rock? How can be classified?
A rock that come from the settling, accumulation and consolidation of sediments (fragment from the erosion of other rocks or remains of living things).
They can be classified in detrital or non-detrital.
Explain the difference between a gravel pit and a quarry.
Gravel pit: gravel is extracted
Quarry: we extract heavy rocks
Explain the difference between the colour and the streak of a mineral.
The color es what you see with the nacked-eye and the streak is the color of the podwer produced when a mineral is scratched.
Explain how our planet was formed.
1. A huge cloud of gas and dust (nebula) surrounded the primitive Sun.
2. The materials collided and formed planetesimals (accretion of planetesimals). It formed the Solar System.
3. The Earth started to cool down and gravity pulled denser materials (iron) towards the core of the planet.
Classify the following substances as a mineral or non-mineral and justify your answer?
Bone - Graphite - Pearl - Amber - Sulphur - Rock - Water
Bone (produced by living things) - graphite - water (liquid at room Tª) - eggshells (produced by living things)- amber (produced by living things)- sulphur- coal (rock).
Classify the following rocks:
- Obsidian
- Slate
- Granite
- Conglomerate
- Marble
- Coal
- Obsidian: magmatic - volcanic
- Slate: metamorphic - foliated
- Granite: magmatic - plutonic
- Conglomerate: sedimentary - detrital
- Marble: metamorphic - non-foliated
- Coal: sedimentary - non-detrital
Describe the process by which a metamorphic rock can become a sedimentary rock.
Short way: weathering and erosion (sediments), deposition and burial and lithification.
Longer way: melting and cooling down (magma), so weathering and erosion,....an so on.
For what do we use...
- Graphite?
- Fluorite?
- Coal?
Graphite: pencil
Fluorite: toothpaste
Coal: energy