Earth's Layers
Name the layers of the Earth from surface to deepest.
We live on the _____.
Name the layers of the Earth from surface to deepest.
We live on the _____.
The _____ is divided into ___ plates, which float on top of the liquid _____.
Crust, 12, Mantle
In Earthquakes, _____ rises to the surface, while in Volcanic Eruptions _____ rises to the surface.
Energy
Magma
Primary landforms are made from the movement of _____ and three example are ____, ____, and ____.
Plates
Mountains, Ridges, and Trenches
Secondary landforms are made by the movement of _____ and three examples are ____, ____, and ____.
Canyons, Deltas, and Sand Dunes
Pieces of rock and sand that have broken off a landform are called _______.
Sediment
Disruptions are ______ changes to the geosphere, but Landforms are _______ changes to the geosphere.
Temporary
Permanent
The only layer Scientists can directly observe is the ____ because ______.
They learn about the _____ by ________.
They learn about the _____ by ________.
Crust because it is too hot to dig deeper
Mantle by observing volcanic eruptions.
Core by making inferences
A place where two plates meet is called a _______, and the three classifications are ____, ____, and ____.
Scientists study them because _________.
Boundary
Convergent, Divergent, Transform
Changes in the geosphere happen there.
Earthquakes happen at ____ boundaries, while volcanic eruptions happen at _____ and _____ boundaries.
Transform
Convergent and Divergent
When two continents converge, a ____ is formed, but when a continent and an ocean converge, a _____ is formed.
Mountain
Trench
Sand Dunes do not blow away because ______.
Sand Dunes do not blow away so _______.
Plant roots help to keep the sand dunes in place.
They are useful during storms to prevent flooding.
Describe the three steps of the sediment-movement process.
Weathering - breaks off sediment
Erosion - carries the sediment
Deposition - drops the sediment in a new place
The New York region of _______, birthplace of the famous _____, was formed when a _____ deposited sediment over time.
Long Island
Dr. Irwin
glacier
Describe the composition of each layer of the Earth.
Crust - Solid Rock
Mantle - Liquid Rock
Outer Core - Liquid Metal
Inner Core - Solid Metal
Show the hand motions that demonstrate each boundary.
(Convergent, Divergent, Transform hand motions)
Scientists classify Earthquakes based on their _______, on a scale from ___ to ___, using a tool called a __________.
Scientists classify Volcanic Eruptions based on their ________, using the categories ____, ____, and ____.
Magnitude; 1-10; Seismograph
Time since last event; Active, Dormant, Extinct
The Himalayas are a famous _______, formed at a _____ plate boundary, where the country of _____ combined with the continent of _______.
The tallest mountain in this range is ______.
Mountain Range
Convergent
India
Asia
Mt. Everest
The Grand Canyon was formed when ___________.
It is useful to scientists because ________.
A river weathered away rock layers
They can study the rock layers to learn the history of the geosphere.
Give an example of each form of sediment movement.
Weathering - a tree root breaks a sidewalk; the roads freeze and crack; wind wears down a mountain side; river water abrades the sediment off its walls
Erosion - wind carries sand across a beach; water carries sand down a river; glaciers carry sediment long distances; gravity carries rocks down a hill
Deposition - a river drops sediment in a delta; wind drops sand in a dune
Why does Massachusetts need to re-pave the roads more often than Florida?
The Outer Core and Inner Core are both ______.
The Outer Core is ____ because _________, while the Inner Core is ____ because ________.
Metal
Liquid; so hot
Solid; so much pressure
Describe what happens to the plates at each plate boundary.
Convergent - Plates come together
Divergent - Plates spread apart
Transform - Plates rub against each other
The best way to prepare for a volcanic eruption is _____. This wouldn't work for an Earthquake because _____. So instead, people need to _____.
Monitor active volcanoes and evacuate
Scientists can't predict earthquakes
Build safer buildings
The best evidence for Plate Tectonics is Sea-Floor spreading at the Mid-Atlantic Ridge.
This is a mountain range in the _____, where magma ______, at a ____ boundary, pushing apart the continents of _____ and ____.
Atlantic Ocean
Rises to the surface
Divergent
Africa and South America OR Europe and North America
A sand dune is formed when the wind ______ the sand and _____ it in a large pile.
People should not play on sand dunes because ______.
Erodes; Deposits
The sand dunes protect coastal areas from flooding, and serve as shelter for animals.
Plants help to prevent ______ of soil because ______.
Erosion
The roots hold the soil in place
The largest ever Earthquake was a ____ in the country of _____. An Earthquake of this magnitude is likely to produce ________.
9.5
Chile
Widespread destruction and death
The crust and mantle are similar because ___________.
The crust and mantle are different because __________.
Both layers of the Earth. Both part of the geosphere. Both non-living. Both made of rock.
Crust is solid but mantle is liquid. We live on the crust, but we cannot visit the mantle. The mantle is hotter than the crust. The mantle has more pressure than the crust.
Describe the disruptions we would expect at each plate boundary and explain why.
Convergent - Volcanic Eruption - one plate melts
Divergent - Volcanic Eruption - magma pushes plates apart
Name one similarity between Earthquakes and Volcanic Eruptions and one difference.
Both: Are temporary disruptions, happen in the geosphere, begin underground, destroy infrastructure, kill humans, are common but usually mild, are most likely near the Pacific Ocean ...
Earthquakes happen at transform boundaries, but volcanic eruptions happen at convergent and divergent.
The Mariana is a famous _____ near the country of _____, which formed when ______.
Scientists cannot explore the bottom of the Mariana because __________.
Trench
Japan
A continental and oceanic plate converged
The pressure is so high
The most famous delta formed at the end of the ______, in the country of _____, when __________.
It is valuable because _________.
Nile River
Egypt
The river deposited sediment
The land is very fertile for farming
The movement of sediment is dangerous because ________.
The movement of sediment is dangerous so _______.
It can destroy homes and infrastructure, or make land unsuitable for farming.
People need to build more safely, like by creating terrace farms, planting trees and shrubs, or making safe places for water to travel.
Earthquakes are more common in California than in Massachusetts so _________.
There are more transform boundaries near California.
California needs construction restrictions, but Massachusetts does not.