Early movements
Students formed these organizations to promote unity and liberal reform.
Burschenschaften
This city hosted the National Assembly intended to create a united Germany
Frankfurt
The name of the Customs Union that excluded Austria.
Zollverein
The "Iron Chancellor" who led Prussian expansion.
Otto von Bismarck
The belief that people with a shared language and culture should be a single state.
Nationalism
These 1819 decrees censored the press and banned student fraternities.
Carlsbad Decrees
The 1848 Frankfurt Parliament failed because it lacked this type of power.
Military power (or "Executive power")
The strategy of "Blood and Iron" prioritized this over diplomacy
Realpolitik (or Military force)
The Prussian King who refused a "crown from the gutter" in 1849.
Frederick William IV
The ideology favoring individual rights, constitutions, and elected parliaments.
Liberalism
This 1832 festival saw 30,000 people gather for national unity and liberty.
Hambach Festival
This term describes a "Small Germany" that excludes the Austrian Empire.
Kleindeutschland
Bismarck’s 1864 war against this country over Schleswig-Holstein.
Denmark
The conservative Chief of Staff who modernized the Prussian Army.
Helmuth von Moltke
The term for the "Great German" solution including Austria.
Grossdeutschland
This Austrian statesman was the primary architect of the anti-liberal system.
Klemens von Metternich
The 1850 agreement where Prussia backed down to Austria (the "Humiliation").
Punctation of Olmütz
The 1866 conflict that ended Austrian influence in German affairs
Seven Weeks' War (Austro-Prussian War)
The French Emperor who was captured at the Battle of Sedan.
Napoleon III
The name for the wealthy, landowning Prussian aristocracy
Junkers
The concept of Volksgeist, or "national spirit," was popularized by this thinker
Johann Gottfried von Herder
This specific social group spearheaded the liberal 1848 movement.
The Middle Class (Bourgeoisie)
The 1870 dispatch edited by Bismarck to provoke a war with France.
The Ems Telegram
The liberal-leaning King of Bavaria who built Neuschwanstein.
Ludwig II
The "struggle for culture" or conflict between the state and the Catholic Church.
Kulturkampf