Random
Conceptual questions
Pathologies
DX
100
Detailed description of the layers of GI tract
Mucosa( mucous membrane, muscularis mucosae, lamina propria)
Submucosa
Muscularis externa( Circular and longitudinal)
Serosa
Enteric nervous system
100
What are the cells in the stomach and what do they produce ?
Mucosal cells- Bicarbonate; Mucus
G cells- gastrin
D cells- somatostatin
Chief cells- Pepsin; Gastric lipase
Parietal cells- Gastric acid; intrinsic factor
Enterochromaffin like cells- histamine
100
What is the difference between colitis and Crohns? (atleast 3)
refer to chart
100
Inadequate physical development of an infant or child
Deceleration in weight gain, low weight/height ratio, or low weight/height/head circumference ratio
DX. & What are the two types?
Failure to Thrive (FTT)
Organic and Nonorganic
200
Describe the Nissen fundoplication procedure and what is it used for?
Fundus of the stomach is wrapped around the oesophagus. The wrap is formed around a specific size dilator to assure that the wrap is not too tight. To treat GERD and Hiatal hernia
200
What genes are mutated in crohn's disease ?
NOD2/Card15
200
Whats the difference between diverticula and polyps?
Diverticula: Herniations of mucosa through the muscle layers of the colon wall, especially the sigmoid colon, OUTpouching
Polyps: growths in INNER lining of the colon
200
Pt presents with abdominal pain, irritability, vomiting and “currant jelly” stools . DX
intussception
300
A patient comes to the ER and was diagnosed with Appendicitis. What will the patient present with at the ER?
Rebound tenderness and right lower quadrant pain. Anorexia, nausea, elevated temperature
300
What is Budd-chiari syndrome?
A condition in which the hepatic venous outflow is obstructed anywhere from the hepatic veins to the inferior vena cava and right atrium.
300
Rahil was prescribed Ibuprofen (800 mg) after his oral surgery and a week later reported back to his physician with abdominal pain in the upper left quadrant. He admitted to not eating during the time he was taking the Ibuprofen for the pain. Explain why rahil is in pain and describe the pathophysiology that lead to it. What pathology is he at a high risk if he was left untreated.
Pathway of for Ulceration
300
This is a congenital disorder in which a segment of nerve cells within the distal bowel terminate early during development. Pt presents initially with no bowel movement within the first 48 hours after birth, gradual abdominal bloating, onset of vomiting, fever and diarrhea. Later on pt experiences constipation, anorexia / loss of appetite, delayed growth, diarrhea
Hirschsprung’s Disease (Congenital Aganglionic Megacolon
400
A patient is diagnosed with portal hypertension secondary to liver cirrhosis. What did he present to the clinic with, and what values will be elevated?
History of alcohol abuse, jaundice, pruritus (sometimes),lethargy, malaise, abdominal swelling, ascitis, nausea, edematous, fever and sometimes hematemesis
400
What is the sequence for hepatitis
Incubation phase(viral replication)
Prodromal phase
Icteric phase (darkening of urine; pale colored stools ) right upper quadrant pain with hepatomegaly
Recovery phase (liver enzymes return to normal )
400
a newborn with gross bloody stool, septicemia, mild and abdominal distention. clinical test revealed glucose in the stool, and overall mucosal injury. 
Necortizing enterocolitis.
400
DX
Meconium ileum
500
What is the difference between osmotic diarrhea, secondary diarrhea, and motility diarrhea?
Osmotic diarrhea: results from presence of osmotically active, poor absorbed solutes in the bowel lumen that inhibit normal water absorption
Secondary diarrhea: voluminous diarrhea secondary to osmotic diarrhea.
500
What is the primary affect of gluten intolerance? Describe how that would lead to malnutrition?
Gluten intolerance--> T cell antibody inactivators--> villus injury--> decreased SA--> inflammatory enteritis--> osmotic diarrhea--> secondary diarrhea --> decreased electrolytes, decreased proteins
500
a solid mass of indigestible material that accumulates in your digestive tract causing a blockage. 
Bezoar
500
A patient admitted to the hospice with symptoms of gastrointestinal upset and weight loss. Once medications and dietary manipulation had failed to improve symptoms significantly. The stool samples were really oily, and elastase test determined no presence in the stool sample.
What is the most likely diagnosis?
Exocrine pancreatic Insufficiency.