Endocrine Glands
This gland is split into two portions, an anterior and posterior. It is sometimes known as the "master gland."
What is the pituitary gland?
This hormone lowers blood sugar levels
What is insulin?
This type of feedback loop helps maintain homeostasis
What is negative feedback?
A lack of insulin or insensitivity to insulin causes this disease.
What is diabetes mellitus?
This gland releases insulin.
What is the pancreas?
These transmembrane proteins, upon binding chemicals messengers, undergo a conformational change that open a central pore which acts as an ion channel.
What are ligand-gated ion channels (ionotropic receptors)?
These hormones can slip through phospholipid bilayers and cause change in target cells by altering gene transcription.
What are lipid soluble hormones?
This gland regulates your metabolism.
What is the thyroid gland?
This hormone raises blood sugar levels
What is glucagon?
If blood calcium drops, this gland increases hormone secretion that will stimulate osteoclasts, increase intestinal calcium absorption, and reduce calcium excretion in the kidneys.
What is the parathyroid gland?
Overproduction of thyroid hormones causes this condition.
What is hyperthyroidism?
This gland produces cortisol and adrenaline.
What are the adrenal glands?
These transmembrane proteins fold in and out of the cell seven times and use a second messenger system to cause change in the cell.
What are G-Protein Coupled Receptors (metabotropic receptors)?
This protein binds Ca2+ to act as an intracellular messenger.
What is Calmodulin?
These glands sit on top of the kidneys
What are the adrenal glands
This hormone is important in childbirth and bonding.
What is oxytocin?
When blood glucose levels rise, the pancreas releases insulin, which signals cells to take up glucose, lowering blood sugar. Conversely, when blood glucose levels drop, the pancreas releases glucagon, which stimulates the liver to release stored glucose, raising blood sugar. How would you describe this process.
What is a feedback loop?
This disorder results from insufficient cortisol production?
What is Addison's disease?
symptoms include fatigue, muscle weakness, weight loss, low blood pressure, skin darkening, abdominal pain, nausea, diarrhea, and salt cravings
This gland produces melatonin.
What is the pineal gland?
What comes next?
1. A chemical messenger binds to a G-protein coupled receptor.
2. Guanosine diphosphate (GDP) dissociates from the Alpha subunit of the G-protein.
3. Guanosine triphosphate (GTP) binds to the Alpha subunit of the G-protein.
4. The Alpha and Beta-Gamma subunits of the G-protein dissociate from each other and the receptor
5. ???
The Alpha subunit of the G-protein binds to an effector protein (such as adenylate cyclase) which activates second messenger systems.
The most common second messenger system in the human body.
What is Cyclic AMP (cAMP) which uses adenylate cyclase?
This gland links the nervous and endocrine systems
What is the hypothalamus
This hormone helps you sleep and is released synchronously with your circadian rhythm.
What is melatonin?
This hormone is part of a positive feedback loop during labor.
What is oxytocin?
Excess growth hormone after puberty causes this condition.
What is acromegaly?
This gland produces testosterone.
What are the testes?
This second messenger system triggers the release of intracellular calcium stores.
IP3 / DAG
The Cyclic GMP, IP3/DAG, Cyclic AMP, and Calcium-calmodulin pathways all utilize these proteins to cause change in the cell.
What are protein kinsases?
These four small glands help regulate calcium levels.
What are the parathyroid glands?
This hormone increases water reabsorption in the kidneys.
What is ADH (antidiuretic hormone)?
These molecules have oppositional effects on lactation?
What are Dopamine & Prolactin?
A goiter is usually caused by a lack of this nutrient.
What is iodine?
This gland produces prolactin?
What is the pituitary gland?
This process occurs when a single activated receptor stimulates multiple G-proteins, which in turn activate effector proteins (like adenylyl cyclase) to produce thousands of secondary messengers, causing a large change in the cell.
What is signal amplification?