Industrialization
What natural resource was most important in fueling late-19th-century industrial growth in the U.S.?
Coal
What term describes the extreme wealth gap between industrialists and workers during this period?
Social inequality
What business practice involves one company controlling an entire industry?
Monopoly
What was the primary goal of the Progressive Movement?
To reform social, political, and economic problems caused by industrialization
Which amendment granted women the right to vote?
19th Amendment
How did the expansion of railroads encourage rapid industrialization?
They connected markets, lowered transportation costs, and encouraged mass production
Name one negative working condition faced by industrial laborers.
Long hours, low wages, unsafe conditions, or child labor
Which industrialist is most associated with vertical integration?
Andrew Carnegie
What group exposed corruption and poor conditions through journalism?
Muckrakers
What Progressive amendment introduced a federal income tax?
16th amendment
What role did immigration play in U.S. industrial growth?
Provided a large supply of cheap labor for factories
What was a major social consequence of rapid urbanization?
Overcrowded cities and poor living conditions
What was the purpose of the Sherman Antitrust Act?
To limit monopolies and promote competition
How did Progressives attempt to increase democracy?
Direct primaries, initiative, referendum, recall, and 17th Amendment
Why was Prohibition considered both a success and a failure?
It reduced alcohol consumption but increased crime and illegal activity
Why did the United States surpass many European nations in industrial output by 1900?
Abundant resources, large workforce, new technology, and limited government regulation
How did industrial growth change the structure of American society?
Created a clear division between wealthy elites and the working class
Why was the Sherman Antitrust Act initially ineffective?
It was weakly enforced and favored big business
What reform targeted unsafe food and drugs?
Pure Food and Drug Act
In what way did Progressivism strengthen the federal government?
Expanded regulation of business and social welfare
How did laissez-faire capitalism contribute to industrial expansion?
It allowed businesses to grow with minimal government interference
Why did labor unions grow in importance during the Gilded Age?
To protect workers’ rights and improve wages and conditions
How did political corruption undermine democracy during the Gilded Age?
Businesses influenced politicians through bribery and patronage
Why were Progressive reforms popular with the middle class?
They promoted fairness, efficiency, and moral responsibility
Overall, how successful was the Progressive Movement by 1920?
MIt achieved significant reforms but failed to address racial inequality fully