INDUSTRIALIZATION & TECHNOLOGY
Which invention by Alexander Graham Bell revolutionized long-distance communication?
The telephone
What company did John D. Rockefeller use to dominate the oil industry?
Standard Oil
Which labor union, led by Samuel Gompers, focused on skilled workers?
American Federation of Labor (AFL)
What were push and pull factors influencing immigration to the U.S.?
Push: poverty/persecution; Pull: jobs/opportunity
What was the main goal of the Progressive Movement?
To reform social, political, and economic problems caused by industrialization
What process developed by Henry Bessemer made steel cheaper and stronger?
The Bessemer Process
What is the difference between horizontal and vertical integration?
Horizontal controls one stage of production; vertical controls all stages
What was collective bargaining?
Negotiation between workers and employers for better wages and conditions
What law restricted Chinese immigration beginning in 1882?
Chinese Exclusion Act
Which Progressive president promoted the Square Deal?
Theodore Roosevelt
How did interchangeable parts contribute to mass production?
They allowed goods to be assembled quickly and efficiently with standardized components
What economic system emphasizes private ownership and free markets?
Capitalism
Which violent strike occurred at Andrew Carnegie’s steel plant in 1892?
Homestead Strike
What were tenements, and why were they controversial?
Overcrowded urban apartments with unsafe living conditions
How did muckrakers influence public opinion?
They exposed corruption and unsafe conditions through investigative journalism
Why were skyscrapers made possible during the Gilded Age?
Advances in steel production and elevator technology
Why was Andrew Carnegie considered both a robber baron and a captain of industry?
He amassed wealth aggressively but also promoted philanthropy through the “Gospel of Wealth”
Why did the Pullman Strike of 1894 fail?
Federal troops intervened and the strike was ruled illegal
How did political machines like Tammany Hall maintain power?
By exchanging services and jobs for votes
Which two laws were passed after Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle
Pure Food and Drug Act & Meat Inspection Act (1906)
Explain one way Thomas Edison’s work at Menlo Park accelerated industrial growth.
It produced practical inventions like the light bulb, increasing productivity and factory hours
How did trusts and monopolies limit competition in the Gilded Age economy?
They controlled prices, eliminated rivals, and dominated entire industries
Explain how Social Darwinism was used to justify poor working conditions.
It argued that economic success reflected natural superiority, discouraging reform
How did settlement houses help immigrants adapt to urban life?
They provided education, childcare, and social services
Evaluate one success and one limitation of the Progressive Movement by 1920.
Success: women’s suffrage (19th Amendment); Limitation: racial inequality persisted