Renaissance & Humanism
Wrote "The Prince", telling rulers that "the ends justify the means".
Niccolo Machiavelli
What method emphasizes observation and experimentation and became central during the Scientific Revolution?
Scientific method
In 1517 this man posted the 95 Theses, challenging Church abuses.
Martin Luther
Name one Enlightenment thinker and a key idea they promoted (e.g., natural rights, separation of powers, or social contract).
Examples: Locke (natural rights), Montesquieu (separation of powers), Rousseau (social contract), Voltaire (freedom of speech/religion).
Give one motive behind 19th‑century imperialism (economic, political, or cultural)
Economic: access to raw materials/markets; Political: power and rivalry; Cultural: missionary work, "civilizing" missions.
This intellectual movement emphasized classical learning and human potential
He proposed the heliocentric model placing the sun at the center.
Nicolaus Copernicus
The sale of these by the Church to reduce punishment for sins sparked protest
Indulgences
What political theory justified absolute monarchs that Enlightenment thinkers often criticized?
Divine right of kings
Describe one major economic change caused by industrialization (e.g., shift from agrarian to industrial economy).
Economies shifted from agriculture to factory-based mass production and wage labor (where people were actually paid for their work)
This invention spread ideas quickly across Europe and boosted literacy.
The printing press
This scientist formulated laws of motion and universal gravitation.
Isaac Newton
This English monarch broke from Rome and created the Church of England.
King Henry VIII
Put these French Revolution phases in order: Reign of Terror, Estates‑General, National Assembly
Estates‑General → National Assembly → Reign of Terror
Explain one economic effect of imperialism on colonized regions
Colonies were often economically reorganized to produce cash crops for export, leading to dependency and loss of traditional industries
Art during this time period began to stray away from a more ______ focus to one that was more ______
Secular/religious--> humanistic, realistic
Explain one reason Galileo’s findings caused conflict with the Church.
Galileo’s telescopic observations supported heliocentrism, conflicting with Church doctrine and leading to his condemnation
Explain one way Enlightenment ideas contributed to the start of the French Revolution.
Enlightenment questioned traditional authority and promoted ideas of rights and popular sovereignty, inspiring revolt.
Describe one form of resistance that colonized peoples used against imperial rule.
Armed rebellions, passive resistance, nationalist movements, formation of political parties advocating independence.
Describe Machiavelli’s main idea in The Prince and explain how it reflected changing attitudes toward political power in the Renaissance.
Machiavelli argued rulers should use whatever means necessary to maintain power; politics separated from conventional moral/religious rules.
Describe how the Scientific Revolution contributed to a long‑term shift toward reason and logic in European thought.
It encouraged reliance on empirical evidence and reason over tradition and religious authority.
Analyze how the printing press affected the spread of Reformation ideas and the rise of literacy.
The printing press allowed rapid dissemination of critiques and translated texts, enabling broader public engagement and higher literacy.
Describe the main goals of the Congress of Vienna and how it responded to the Napoleonic Wars.
Restore balance of power, contain France, restore legitimate monarchs, and prevent another dominant conqueror; reorganize Europe to maintain stability.
Analyze how the ideology of Social Darwinism was used to justify imperialism and describe one harmful consequence of this justification.
Social Darwinism promoted the idea that some races/nations were superior; this justified exploitation, racism, and brutal colonial policies.