Tokugawa Shogunate
Rank the social structure/hierarchy of feudal Japan (From Top to Bottom)
Emperor (figurehead), Shogun, Daimyo, Samurai, Peasants
Which Enlightenment thinker believed in natural rights like life, liberty, and property?
John Locke
What were the four main causes of the French Revolution, and briefly explain each one?
D – Debt: France owed huge money from wars and palace spending, leading to higher taxes.
I – Inequality: The Estates system was unfair; the Third Estate paid most taxes.
M – Monarchy Weakness: King Louis XVI was indecisive and failed to fix France’s problems.
E – Enlightenment: New ideas encouraged people to question the king and demand rights.
Who led the Haitian Revolution?
Toussaint L’Ouverture led the Haitian Revolution.
How can nationalism be both positive and negative?
Positive: Nationalism can unite people and create pride, helping a country work together or fight for independence.
Negative: Nationalism can also create conflict, discrimination, or hatred toward other groups, sometimes leading to violence or war.
During the chaos of the Warring States Period, what type of government did Tokugawa Ieyasu establish to bring stability to Japan?
A centralized government — he established himself as shogun and held all real power while the emperor was only a figurehead.
Define the Enlightenment.
(include the time period — either the years or the century.)
A movement during the 1600s–1700s (17th–18th centuries) where thinkers used reason and science to challenge traditional authority and promote rights and better government.
Explain two goals of the Congress of Vienna.
➡Restore old monarchs who were removed by Napoleon (legitimacy).
➡Create a balance of power so no country could dominate Europe again.
➡Redraw Europe’s borders and return territories taken by Napoleon.
➡Prevent future revolutions by keeping Europe stable and orderly.
How did the Enlightenment influence the Haitian and Latin American Revolutions?
It encouraged people in Haiti and Latin America to question unfair rule, demand natural rights, and fight for freedom.
What is the difference between nationalism and patriotism?
Nationalism is strong loyalty to your nation combined with the belief that your nation is superior to others, which can lead to exclusion or conflict.
Patriotism is simply loving and supporting your country but also admitting there are area that your country can work on to be better.
Explain Sankin-kōtai policy
a rule created by the Tokugawa Shogunate that forced daimyo (nobles) to spend every other year living in Edo, the capital.
Who and why did this individual write "Candide"?
Voltaire wrote Candide to criticize philosophical optimism, especially after the Lisbon earthquake showed that not everything in the world is “for the best.”
Explain Maximilien Robespierre’s role in the French Revolution, using the terms Reign of Terror, Committee of Public Safety, and radicalism.
Robespierre became the leader of the Committee of Public Safety, and he turned the revolution toward radicalism by demanding extreme changes. He helped start the Reign of Terror, when many people were executed because they were seen as threats to the revolution.
What made the Haitian Revolution unique compared to others?
It was the only successful slave revolt that created an independent nation.
Name the leader who unified Germany and the term "blood and iron".
Otto von Bismarck was the leader who unified Germany. He used his “Blood and Iron” strategy, which relied on strong military force and wars, to bring the separate German states together under Prussian leadership.
What is one similarity between the Tokugawa Shogunate and King Louis XIV in how they kept powerful groups under control?
Both created strong centralized governments and controlled powerful nobles by forcing them to live near the ruler (Tokugawa with Edo, Louis XIV with Versailles).
Name two Enlightenment thinkers (not Voltaire or Locke) and describe what each believed.
Mary Wollstonecraft – believed women deserved equal education and rights.
Adam Smith – believed in laissez-faire economics with little government control.
Jean-Jacques Rousseau – believed in the social contract and that government should follow the general will of the people.
Baron de Montesquieu – believed in separation of powers to prevent tyranny.
Select two of the following events and explain the event & its outcome(s):
Tennis Court Oath
Storming of the Bastille
Women’s March on Versailles
Storming of the Tuileries
1. Tennis Court Oath (June 1789)
Event: The Third Estate promised to write a new constitution.
Outcome: It weakened the king’s power and created the National Assembly.
2. Storming of the Bastille (July 1789)
Event: A mob attacked the Bastille prison for weapons.
Outcome: It became the symbol of the revolution and showed the king was losing control.
3. Women’s March on Versailles (October 1789)
Event: Women marched to Versailles demanding bread.
Outcome: The king and queen were forced to move to Paris under revolutionary control.
4. Storming of the Tuileries (August 1792)
Event: Revolutionaries attacked the king’s palace.
Outcome: The king was arrested and the monarchy collapsed.
Name two leaders (not Simón Bolívar) who led revolutions in Latin America and the countries they helped free.
1. Father Miguel Hidalgo
➡Led the independence movement in Mexico.
2. José de San Martín
➡Helped liberate Argentina, Chile, and Peru.
What is Romantic Idealism and how did it help create a growing sense of nationalism in Europe?
Romantic Idealism was a movement that focused on strong emotions, pride in culture, and celebrating a people’s history, language, and traditions. It helped create nationalism because it made people feel connected through a shared identity, inspiring them to see themselves as one united nation rather than separate regions.
How did the foreign policies of the Tokugawa Shogunate and King Louis XIV differ, using the terms Sakoku and Expansionism?
Tokugawa Japan used Sakoku, closing the country to limit outside influence, while Louis XIV followed Expansionism, using wars and conquest to grow French power.
Explain Catherine the Great’s role as an Enlightened Despot in the Pugachev’s Rebellion
Catherine the Great supported Enlightenment ideas by promoting education, modernizing Russia, and encouraging new thinking, but during Pugachev’s Rebellion she showed her despot side by using harsh force to crush the revolt and then tightening control over peasants to protect her power.
Describe the three stages of Napoleon’s rise and fall during the French Revolution, using the specific titles for each stage.
Soldier / Military Hero
➡Napoleon first rose as a skilled soldier and military commander who won major battles and gained national fame.
First Consul
➡In 1799, he took control of the government and became First Consul, giving himself almost all political power.
Emperor of France
➡In 1804, he crowned himself Emperor, ruling France until his military defeats led to his downfall.
Explain how geography created economic and political problems that made it difficult for Simón Bolívar to unite Gran Colombia.
The Andes Mountains and the Amazon rainforest made travel and communication very hard, so each region developed different economies and interests. Because these areas were so separated, local leaders wanted their own power instead of one government, making Bolívar’s unification fail.
Name the four “Founding Fathers” of Italian unification and explain why each is known as the Brain, Heart/Soul, Sword, & Crown.
Camillo di Cavour – “The Brain”
➡ He planned the political strategy for unification using diplomacy and alliances.
Giuseppe Mazzini – “The Heart/Soul”
➡He inspired Italians with nationalist ideas and encouraged people to believe Italy should unite.
Giuseppe Garibaldi – “The Sword”
➡He led military campaigns with his Red Shirts and fought to unite southern Italy.
King Victor Emmanuel II – “The Crown”
➡He became the first king of a united Italy and symbolized the final unification.