Nations & Boundaries
A state that includes more than one nation within its borders
What is Nationality?
It is an identity within a group of people who share legal attachment and personal allegiance to a particular country.
What is a developed country?
Developed Country:
Industrialized or high-income countries, characterized by high levels of economic prosperity, technological advancement, and a high standard of living.
What is a Republic & what is 1 example of it?
Governments without a king or queen
Often times, people in republics choose representatives to make decisions on their behalf
Could also be ruled by a group of hereditary nobles
Oligarchy
Ex: China, Brazil
When was the First Agricultural Revolution?
Around 10,000 yrs ago
What is a Stateless Nation and what is one example of one?
Has no territory of its own but whom it is implied should
Self-Determination or the ability or desire to form their own sovereign state
Ex: The Kurds, the Roma/Gypsies, the Palestinians
What is Colonialism?
The practice of one country controlling another, often through settlement, exploitation of resources, and imposing its culture and political systems, resulting in the subjugation of the indigenous population.
What is a developing Country?
Developing Country:
Generally characterized by a relatively low standard of living, a less-developed industrial base, and a lower Human Development Index (HDI) compared to developed countries.
What is a monarchy and what are 2 examples of one?
Oldest form of government
Ruler inherits power
When the ruler dies, power automatically passes to one of the monarch’s children or close relatives
Kings, emperors, or sultans -- fulfill their role as supreme ruler by surrounding themselves with followers and advisors who help them govern
Older forms of monarchy believed in divine right, which allowed for absolute rule
Now, most monarchies are constitutional, and power is vested in a parliament or at least a written constitution to hold the monarch accountable
Ex: Britain, Jordan, Liechtenstein, Andorra, UAE
When was the Second Agricultural Revolution?
1700s to early 1900s
What is a Buffer State?
Located between two larger conflicting countries
What is Ethnicity?
It is an identity within a group of people who share cultural traditions of a particular homeland or hearth.
What is an Ethnic Enclave?
A geographic area with a high concentration of people from a particular ethnic group, often characterized by cultural identity and economic activity, often distinct from the surrounding area.
What is a dictatorship and give an example of 1.
One single person or small group exercises complete power over others.
Not inherited from a parent or relative
Many times a dictator rises to power through use of the military to overthrow the government
Strongman or junta
Ex: Myanmar, North Korea
What were all the improvements to agriculture during the Second Agricultural Revolution?
New technologies developed to improve crop yields
Produced surplus to feed factory workers
Fertilizer and artificial feed for animals
Selective breeding of livestock
Planting of crops in rows
Machines can work rows
Railroads decreased transportation time from field to market
Machines increase speed of planting and harvesting
What is a Shatterbelt and what are 2 examples of one?
State or group of states that are influenced by other larger competing states
They are often culturally, economically, and politically fragmented
Ex: Yemen, Cuba (pre-Soviet collapse), the Balkans, and Lebanon
What is the definition of Race?
Social construct that hierarchically categorizes people based on skin color and other physical features (their phenotype).
(“Phenotype”=Fancy word for your visible features)
Race has no biological basis, but does have a social one
What are the 2 forces that can destroy or unite a state and what is an example of each?
Centripetal / Centrifugal Forces:
Centripetal Forces - forces / things that unify a state
Centrifugal Forces - forces / things that fragment or tear a state apart
- Ex: Corrupt Government, Discrimination, large Economic gaps, Different Cultures
What is a Totalitarianism government and give 2 (Current Times) examples.
- System in which government controls all aspects of individual life
One political party (or none), labor unions, etc. Government controls religious groups, police, economy, and education
Government also controls all television, radio, newspapers, internet.
Censorship is common
Ex: North Korea, Eritrea, China, Myanmar/Burma
What are the three sectors developed in the Third Agricultural Revolution and what were the Biotechnical improvements?
Primary Sector:
Cultivation and harvesting of produce
Secondary Sector:
Processing of crops
Tertiary Sector:
Marketing and advertising products
Biotechnological phase
Inorganic fertilizers and manufactured products replace manure
Increased use of herbicides, pesticides, fungicides to increase yields
What are all the types of boundaries and give an example of each.
Geometric: Straight line (usually) boundaries that do not conform to specific physical features. Ex: The border of Alaska and Canada
Natural/Physical:Natural border turned into political border when states were formed. Ex: The Pacific ocean for the US
Superimposed:boundaries happen as a result of something and are made by outside orgs. Ex: Yugoslavia collapse, Ottoman Empire collapse
What was the South African Apartheid?
It was a system and period of South African history where a racial and ethnic minority of White Afrikaners (Dutch descendants) created oppressive race-based rule against a Black African majority group. Happened during the late 1940s-1990s
What is a state and what are all 3 things a states need to be considered an actual state?
A State is a political unit with a permanent population, sovereign territory, an effective government and working economy, and legitimacy by other states
A State needs:
Territoriality:
The effort to control pieces of the earth’s surface for personal, political, or social ends.
Sovereignty:
The power that a government has to control its own territory
Legitimacy:
Recognition of that power by other countries
What is a Theocracy and what are 2 examples of it?
Government run by religious leaders
No legal separation between religion and the state, and citizens of other faiths are often excluded or expelled
Ex: Vatican City, Iran, Afghanistan
What were the advantages and disadvantages of the First Agricultural Revolution?
Advantages
Controllable food supply
Can create a surplus (extra)
Can be done almost anywhere
(with the right tools and tech)
Disadvantages
Radically alters the environment and land
It’s really, really hard.
Enslaved people end up doing the hard work