Enlightenment & French Revolution
Why was the Third Estate in France upset at King Louis XVI in the late 18th century?
The Third Estate did all the work and paid all the taxes, while the royal family lived luxurious lives.
Who was one of the main leaders of the South American independence/Colombian nationalist movements?
Simon Bolivar
What was the Industrial Revolution?
A period in the 19th century in which countries began transitioning away from small-scale, local, hand production to large scale mass production using machines.
What was the name of the 1884 meeting in which European powers divided up Africa into colonial claims?
The Berlin Conference
Bonus 100 points: Though European powers colonized 90% of Africa, which one country managed to remain fully independent?
Who comprised the first and second estate in 18th century France?
Clergy and Nobles
What did John Locke say should happen to governments that violate citizens' rights to life, liberty, and property?
They should be overthrown.
How did the Haitian Revolution impact France?
France lost access to its most profitable colony in the Americas.
How did the introduction of machines into production effect workers?
Many workers lost their jobs as their labor was replaced by machines.
How did China react to England smuggling opium into the country?
They banned the drug and asked England to stop importing it.
Who famously wrote the line "Workers of the world unite!"
Karl Marx
What was the Congress of Vienna
A meeting held by the old nobles of Europe after they defeated Napoleon, planning how to prevent any more revolutions in Europe and how to maintain a balance of power.
How did Enlightenment ideas inspire the Haitian revolution?
The colonized and enslaved people of Haiti heard about the natural rights of liberty and equality and wanted those rights for themselves.
According to Karl Marx, what are the two main social classes in capitalist societies?
The Proletariat (working class) and the Bourgeoisie (owning class)
Define Imperialism/Colonization
a process of establishing control over areas or peoples for foreign people to advance their trade, cultivation, exploitation and possibly settlement.
What is the difference between the "White Man's Burden" and "Social Darwinist" line of thinking? What's the similarity?
"White Man's Burden" argues that Europeans should use their "superiority" to "civilize" the rest of the world, while "social darwinism" argues that Europeans should use their "superiority" to dominate the rest of the world.
- Both are rooted in claims of White supremacy
What was the defining feature of the European Enlightenment?
Europeans began questioning traditional systems of authority. ("Because God said so!" is no longer good enough)
What is nationalism?
The belief that a particular "nation" (group of people with shared culture, language, etc.) should have a state (country) of their own.
What did Marx claim would end the exploitation of capitalism?
A workers' revolution overthrowing the owning class
How did Britain cause mass starvation in Ireland in the mid 19th century?
When a disease killed Ireland's potatoes, England continued exporting Ireland's other crops, leaving Ireland with nothing to eat
DOUBLE POINTS
Define the following terms:
- Absolutist Monarchy
- Constitutional Monarchy
- Democracy
Absolutist monarchy: A system of government in which a king/queen who makes all laws with no input from the public.
Constitutional Monarchy: A system of government with a king/queen whose power is limited by some level of public representation.
Democracy: A system of government where the public runs the government through votes.
What did Enlightenment thinkers want to be the role of government?
To represent the citizenry (public) and protect people's rights
What was the effect of nationalism in Germany and Italy?
Germans and Italians each unified into their own nation-states.
How does the owning class get rich under capitalism?
They exploit the value created by the working class by hoarding ownership of the means of production.
Which industrial transportation technology enabled European colonizers to transport extracted resources from the inland of their colonies to ports on the coast?
Railroads/Trains
Who was the German political leader who oversaw both the unification of Germany and the Berlin Conference?
Otto von Bismarck