Scientific Revolution
Who were the leaders of the Scientific Revolution?
Galileo, Copernicus, and Isaac Newton
Who came up with the Enlightenment's 5 major ideas?
John Locke
What were the causes of the French Revolution?
- Third Estate (peasants, lower class, commoners) had to pay all the taxes for Clergy-Church leaders, and Nobles who had more land and $
- Third Estate had no representation in gov. (no one to speak up for them) & wanted political power
- The poor couldn't afford & had little land & citizens had few rights & were treated unfairly (wanted Enlightenment Ideas - Natural Rights: DEMOCRACY)
- Absolutism (leader who had total power) ex. Louis XIV (14th) Centralized Gov. to increase control and Louis XVI (16th) who was beheaded during the Reign of Terror
- Debt from building Palace of Versailles & helping American Revolution led to increased bread prices & angry Frenchmen
What was the goal or purpose of Congress of Vienna?
- To balance the power between countries so that no one country had more power than others
- Restore (bring back) monarchies (leadership) in power before Napoleonic Wars
What are Capitalist ideas?
- People can make a lot of money - PRIVATE BUSINESSES - entrepreneurs
- LAISSEZ-FAIR- no government interference (little gov. involvement)
- Supply (how much we make) is based on demand (how much people want)
- Adam Smith - Wrote The Wealth of Nations - Capitalist book - MARKET economy
Who figured out that Earth was NOT the center of the universe (not geocentric)?
Copernicus and Galileo
What were the Enlightenment's major ideas?
- People had natural rights: life, liberty(freedom), & property
- Consent(permission) of the governed (people had the right to say, "yes we want this")
- Gov. and citizens should sign a social contract
- People could elect (vote) and overthrow (get rid of) a leader
- Limited gov. : limited control over citizens
What were the key events and effects of the French Revolution?
- Estates General, Storming of the Bastille, Tennis Court Oath, Declaration of Rights of Man and Woman and Citizen
- Reign of Terror: Beheading of Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette by Robespierre and the Jacobins using (Guillotine - weapon to cut heads off)
Who were the important leaders of the Latin Independence movements, and what inspired/caused them to fight?
- Toussaint L'ouverture - Haitian Revolutionary Leader who fought against France
- Jose de San Martin & Miguel Hidalgo - Mexico
- Simon Bolivar - Argentina - Failed to unify South America because of the Andes Mountains acting as a barrier
They fought because: The American & French Revolutions, Limited rights (not enough rights), Enlightenment ideas of Natural Rights (John Locke), and Nationalism - Loyalty/Love/Pride of Country/Culture
What are Communist ideas?
- No social classes; everyone is equal
- No private property
- Everything belongs to everyone
- Proletariat/Workers must revolt (fight back) to improve society & overthrow capitalist system
Who figured out that the sun was the center of the universe (heliocentric)?
Copernicus and Galileo
Who came up with the idea of Separation of Powers - 3 Branches of Government and why?
Montesquieu, to prevent tyranny/corruption by acting as a CHECK on Power - Checks & Balances
Who restored political stability in France after an overthrow of the Directory (Weak leadership following the Reign of Terror)?
Napoleon
What are the possible impacts/effects of nationalism (pride for your country/culture)?
- United/Unify groups of people (small states become countries - unification)
- Italy Unified by Garibaldi, Mazzini, Cavour, and Emmanuel II
- Germany Unified by Otto von Bismarck (Blood and Iron Speech) & King Wilhelm I- Causes conflicts (large countries/empires have different ethnic groups that want independence)
- Serbian Nationalists vs. Austria-Hungary - (WWI)
Who created Communism and wrote the Communist Manifesto (Communist book)?
Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels
What were Copernicus's and Galileo's ideas?
To use Reasoning and Logic and to Conduct Experiments.
What did the Enlightenment challenge?
- Political Systems/Government - Absolutism
- Traditional Ideas - Similar to the Scientific Revolution
What are some key ideals of Napoleon, and what did they inspire?
- Napoleonic Codes (Laws for all citizens - Achieved Revolutionary goal of natural rights)
- Napoleon as Emperor (Failed Revolutionary goal of electing leader/democratic gov.)
- Taxes for All (Achieved Revolutionary goal of 3rd Estate splitting taxes with 1st and 2nd)
- Inspired Nationalism/Nationalist feelings throughout the world
How did the Agricultural Revolution impact society? THINK FARMING REVOLUTION
- More food = More people born (increased life expectancy - people lived longer, and better birth rates)
- Caused the Industrial Revolution & urbanization: farmers forced to move into cities
- Workers were displaced/no longer needed on farms due to new farming technology like the seed drill/crop rotations
How did society change during the Industrial Revolution?
- Urbanization - people moving from the countryside (farms) to cities
- Laissez fair economics (government "LAZY", not involved)
- Improved transportation - trains and steamboats using steam engines
- Rise of big business
- Growth of middle class
- People's roles changed
- Working Class was poor, lived in slums
- Women and Children Working - Paid less than men
- Dangerous working conditions - workplace accidents and deaths
- Low wages (pay) and long hours (16 hour work day)
What did Copernicus, Galileo, and Isaac Newton challenge, and what did they argue?
They all challenged the church and argued to use Reason and Logic - Don't rely on God.
Which rulers changed/reformed their methods after the Age of Enlightenment, and who were Enlightened Despots?
Catherine the Great, Peter the Great, and Frederick II (Frederick the Great) changed.
Absolute monarchs who used some of the Enlightenment ideas to reform their countries and give people more rights were Enlightenment Despots.
How was Napoleon defeated by Russia during the Napoleonic Wars?
- Size of Russia (very big)
- Climate - freezing winters
- Russians burned all crops (plants) - "Scorched Earth"
Why did the Industrial Revolution begin in Great Britain?
- Had an adequate (surplus/extra) food supply
- Close to water, which generated (made) electricity for factories
- Natural Harbors/Ports for trading
- Britain had the money/capital for factories
- Britain had an energy revolution because of an abundant amount of natural resources (steam power & coal, iron-ore)
- Britain had an available workforce following the Agricultural Revolution
What reforms (changes) were made to address the problems caused by the Industrial Revolution?
- Unions - fight for workers' rights to higher wages (pay), shorter hours, and better working conditions
- Outlawed Slavery
- Rights to vote (suffrage) for all citizens
- More schools were set up (public education for all boys and girls)
- Rise in the standard of living