Renaissance and Humanism
This is an economic system in which private individuals own and control most of the factors of production.
What is capitalism?
This is the second largest branch of Christianity, whose followers reject Roman Catholicism and the power of its leader, the pope.
What is Protestantism?
"L'État, c'est moi" is the famous quote attributed to this French monarch, known for centralizing the government and building the Palace of Versailles.
Who was Louis XIV?
This process of observing, asking questions, and seeking answers through tests and experiments was fundamental to the Scientific Revolution of the 16th and 17th centuries.
What is the scientific method?
The primary purpose of this 1215 document that states liberties guaranteed to the English people was to limit the power of King John.
What is the Magna Carta?
This city of the Tuscany region in central Italy is where writers, painters, architects, and craftspeople began the period known as the Renaissance.
What is Florence?
This German priest and scholar began the Reformation in 1517.
Who was Martin Luther?
This Russian leader stood 6'8", worked incognito on Dutch shipyards, and is remembered as the "Father of the Fatherland" for making his country more modern and more powerful.
Who was Peter I (Peter the Great)?
This Polish astronomer's study led to the theory that Earth and the other planets revolve around the Sun.
Who was Nicolaus Copernicus?
This English philosopher's writings argued that a government’s power comes from the consent of the people and heavily influenced the American Declaration of Independence.
Who was John Locke?
This Renaissance movement is characterized by independent thought and a renewed interest in classical Greek and Roman culture.
What is humanism?
This English king is remembered for his six wives and his quarrel with the Roman Catholic Church.
Who was Henry VIII?
This is a system in which top-level authorities—usually in the capital city—hold the primary decision-making power and authority.
What is a centralized government?
This term describes anything not connected with religious or spiritual matters and can be contrasted with "sacred."
What is "secular"?
This English political theorist's 1651 book Leviathan provided the formula for an ideal state, arguing that to avoid the chaotic "state of nature" and ensure safety, people must surrender their rights to a single, undivided, absolute sovereign authority.
Who was Thomas Hobbes?
This Italian Renaissance political philosopher wrote The Prince, a landmark book about the use of political power.
Who was Niccolò Machiavelli?
This English queen of 45 years is remembered for her religious tolerance and for being queen when Shakespeare was writing his early famous plays.
Who was Elizabeth I?
He is considered greatest of the Mughal emperors, remembered for enlisted Hindu leaders in conquering and governing almost the entire Indian subcontinent.
Who was Akbar?
Modern physics owes its beginning to this Italian natural philosopher, astronomer, and mathematician who made fundamental contributions to the sciences and was the first astronomer to use a telescope.
Who was Galileo?
This 1689 key feature of the British constitution placed limits on the power of the monarch, creating the current constitutional monarchy in the United Kingdom today.
What is the English Bill of Rights?
This is the first complete book extant in the West and one of the earliest printed from movable type.
What is the Gutenberg Bible?
This French religious thinker stressed the idea of predestination and his ideas led to the establishment of the Reformed churches.
Who was John Calvin?
This is the title given to the emperors of Russia from 1547 to 1917.
What is "tsar"?
This English physicist and mathematician laid the foundations of calculus, extended the understanding of color and light, and developed the law of gravitation.
Who was Isaac Newton?
These events of 1688–89 resulted in the deposition of James II and the accession of his daughter Mary II and William III.
What was the Glorious Revolution?