The Renaissance
Many Renaissance artists were inspired by the classical achievements of the these two ancient European civilizations.
Who were the Greeks and Romans?
This monetary payment made to the Church would supposedly “absolve” or forgive a person of past sins and release them from purgatory after death.
Sometimes referred to as "buying your way into “heaven.”
What are Indulgences?
In response to the sale of indulgences and other forms of abuse committed by the Catholic Church, Martin Luther drafted this set of propositions, questions, and criticisms and nailed them to the door of the All Saints' Church in Wittenberg, Germany.
What are the the "95 Theses?"
Promoting the bible as the sole authority of Christian faith and asking believers to interpret it for themselves, this form of Protestantism became the official state religion throughout much of Germany.
What was Lutheranism or the Lutheran Church?
This Catholic investigative agency in Spain and Italy acted as "judge, jury, and executioner" in its persecution and torture of those deemed as heretics by the church.
What was the Inquisition?
Popularized during the Renaissance, this philosophy celebrates free will, human achievement, and the study of literature, history, and culture.
What is Humanism?
This now "dead" language, was established as the official language of the Church and higher education in western Europe for centuries..
What is Latin?
Thanks to this important German innovation, Martin Luther's new teachings and ideas were able to spread throughout Europe, encouraging independent thought and promoting literacy.
What was Gutenberg's Printing Press?
What is "Anglicanism," or the Church of England?
This emergency conference or "brain-storming session" of high ranking church leaders was called by Pope Paul III in 1545, with the goal of figuring out how to both fix the problems of the Catholic Church and fight back against Protestant challenges.
What was the Council of Trent?
Strong trade connections between the ______ city states and the ______ empire, were one of the driving economic forces behind the start of the Renaissance in Western Europe.
What is Italian and Ottoman?
Another name for "church official," these men (and sometimes women) were ranked according to the Catholic Church's own bureaucracy and social hierarchy.
What is the Clergy?
This early Czech reformer served as one of Luther's biggest inspirations, even though he was burned at the stake for heresy, and never lived to see the actual Protestant Reformation.
Who was Jan Hus?
This branch of Protestantism holds that God has predestined some people, the elect, to be saved while others are unfortunately condemned to eternal damnation, despite their actions.
What is "Calvinism," or the Calvinist Church?
This military-like group of missionaries attempted to win back former Catholics and convert new ones, by concentrating on education as a means to fight Protestantism.
What was the Jesuit Order?
This Italian Renaissance writer is often called the "father of modern politics." He is probably best known for such quotes as:
"It is better to be feared than loved," and
"The end justifies the means"
Who was Niccolò Machiavelli?
Many people in Europe resented having to pay these taxes, which sometimes asked them to give up to one-tenth of their wealth, produce, or labor to the Roman Catholic Church.
What are Tithes?
The Church responded to Martin Luther's challenges by issuing this official statement labeling Luther a heretic and announcing his excommunication from the Church, making him a wanted man.
What was the “Edict of Worms?”
These two important historical figures (and characters in the film, "A Man for All Seasons," became the first victims of the Reformation in England, finding themselves imprisoned in the Tower of London and eventually executed for treason by Henry VIII.
Who were Sir Thomas More and Anne Boleyn?
This Spanish priest and teacher placed an emphasis on establishing Catholic missions, schools, and universities throughout the world as a way to spread the influence, values, and traditions of the Catholic Church.
Who was Ignatius of Loyola?
This famous Italian banking family used their wealth to finance the works of some of the most famous Renaissance artists, including Botticelli, Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, and Raphael.
Who were the Medici Family?
This form of corruption involved the Catholic Church selling offices, or leadership positions to the children of rich families instead of hiring or promoting individuals based on merit.
What is Simony?
One of Martin Luther's first and most formative encounters with Catholic corruption came when this Dominican friar was sent to Germany by the Church to sell indulgences and raise money to rebuild St. Peter's Basilica in Rome.
Who was Johann Tetzel?
These two royal sisters found themselves on opposite sides of the religious divide caused by the Protestant Reformation; one choosing violence, the other choosing the "middle way" of tolerance and compromise.
Who were Mary I and Elizabeth I?
The "mad monk" Girolamo Savonarola tried to change the church from within calling for church officials and believers to burn their jewelry, trinkets, and other valuable possessions in this act of symbolic protest in Florence, Italy.
What was "the Bonfire of the Vanities?"