Technology
This medical innovation reduced the impact and spread of diseases like measles, influenza, and polio, saving many lives.
vaccines (for example, penicillin)
Urbanization and economic growth meant that fewer workers worked in this sector of the economy, which was reduced from 80% of the world economy to 20%
Agriculture (or peasant agriculture)
The explosive growth of cities after 1900, caused by the reduced need for rural labor and more opportunities for employment in manufacturing, commerce, government, and the service industry
Global urbanization
The global spread of elements of popular culture such as film, language, and music from various places of origin, especially the spread of Western cultural forms to the rest of the world; has come to symbolize modernity, inclusion in global culture, and liberation or rebellion. It has prompted pushback from those who feel that established cultural traditions have been threatened
Cultural globalization
Process by which trees are cleared for artificial concrete and steel buildings
Deforestation
This 20th-century invention reduced fertility rates around the world
birth control
Industries like government, medicine, education, finance, and communication that have grown due to increasing consumerism, population, and communication technologies
Service sector
Very large urban centers with populations of over 10 million; by 2017, there were thirty-seven such cities on five continents
megacities
Occurring within all the major world religions, this represents a return to the alleged “fundamentals” of a religion and is marked by a militant piety, exclusivism, and a sense of threat from the modern secular world
Religious fundamentalism
This massive world event, caused by humans, has lowered the number of plant and animal species in the world
mass extinction
These are the 2 new energy sources that were used in the 20th century.
Petroleum and nuclear
Areas where international companies can operate with tax and other benefits, offered as an incentive to attract manufacturer
export-processing zones
This innovation involved the genetic modification of plants so as to increase farming yields, which meant countries, especially in developing countries, could feed their population.
Green Revolution
Cultural imperialism
The use of this energy source has polluted the air and caused global warming through emission of carbon
fossil fuels
Nearly all consumer goods are moved overseas using this form of technology, and its use allowed business to move their bases to other parts of the world, since shipping was made so much easier and cheaper.
Shipping containers
Global businesses that produce goods or deliver services simultaneously in many countries; growing in number since the 1960s, some have more assets and power than many countries
Transnational corporations
The movement of people, often illegally, into another country to escape poverty or violence and to seek opportunities for work that are less available in their own countries
Labor migration
Movements that promote strict adherence to the Quran and the sharia, often in opposition to key elements of Western culture. Particularly prominent since the 1970s, such movements often present themselves as returning to an earlier expression of Islam. Examples include the Iranian revolution, Taliban, al-Qaeda, and Islamic State
Radical Islam
Coastal communities have flooded due to water levels rising as a result of this phenomenon
Melting ice caps and glaciers
According to Heimler, innovations in transportation communication solved this problem
The problem of distance
Name for the agreements and institutions (including the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund) set up in 1944 to regulate commercial and financial dealings among the major capitalist countries
Bretton Woods system
A pathogen that spreads primarily through sexual contact, contaminated blood products, or the sharing of needles; after sparking a global pandemic in the 1980s, it spread rapidly across the globe and caused tens of millions of deaths
HIV/AIDS
A Hindu nationalist movement that became politically important in India in the 1980s; advocated a distinct Hindu identity and decried government efforts to accommodate other faith communities, particularly Islamic
Hindutva
Rising temperatures and the man-made acidity in our oceans has caused bleaching or even death to this colorful ocean species
Coral reefs