Pathophysiology
This type of diabetes is caused by autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells.
What is Type 1 diabetes?
These 3 hallmark symptoms in pediatric type 1 diabetes reflect hyperglycemia-induced osmotic diuresis.
What are polyuria, polydipsia, and polyphagia?
For children over the age of 4, this alternative route allows glucagon to be administered without using injections (IV, IM, SC).
What is nasal powder?
DKA is more common in this type of diabetes.
What is type 1 diabetes.
This key teaching point explains why Noah must check his blood glucose before meals.
What is to guide insulin dosing and prevent hypo- / hyperglycemia.
Without insulin, glucose builds up in the blood, leading to this condition.
What is hyperglycemia?
After fluid resuscitation and insulin initiation, Noah must be monitored for this dangerous drop in blood glucose, which can cause shakiness, confusion, or even seizures if untreated.
What is hypoglycemia?
This is how many times a day you should check your blood sugar levels.
What is 4x a day?
An adolescent with type 1 diabetes takes their blood glucose at night and discovers it is only at 3.9 mmol/L. In the morning, it rises to 12.7 mmol/L. What phenomenon explains this change?
What is the Somogyi effect.
At minimum, Noah should check his blood glucose this many times per day.
What is 4-6 times per day.
This bodily process occurs when the body breaks down fat for energy due to lack of insulin.
What is Ketosis?
Even if Noah is currently stable, this GI symptom occurs in over 60% of pediatric DKA cases due to ketosis and acidosis.
What is nausea and vomiting?
A nurse has an order to administer 0.017mg glucagon to a 17 year old following a severe hypoglycemic episode. What should the nurse do?
What is clarify the order.
This is the first step in treating pediatric DKA.
What is administering IV fluids
During illness with poor appetite, caregivers should focus on these two priorities to keep Noah safe.
What are frequent blood glucose monitoring and hydration.
This hormone works in oppostion to insulin and raises blood glucose levels.
What is Glucagon?
This rare but life-threatening complication in pediatric DKA often occurs during fluid and insulin therapy and is associated with with rapid shifts in serum osmolality, presenting with headache, vomiting, altered mental status, or bradycardia.
What is cerebral edema?
What food or drink consumed earlier in the evening most likely interfered with the effectiveness of glucagon?
What is alcohol
Electrolyte replacement is critical in DKA, especially for this mineral that can drop dangerously during treatment.
What is potassium.
This blood glucose level indicates severe hypoglycemia and requires urgent intervention.
What is <54 mg/dL (or <3.0 mmol/L).