Classical Cond.
Pavlov was not a psychologist when he discovered classical conditioning. He was trained as a
What is a physiologist?
_____ occurs when the likelihood of a response tendency is increased and _____ occurs when the likelihood of a response tendency is decreased.
What are reinforcement & punishment?
Name of the person that proposed the four specific criteria necessary for observational learning to take place
Who is Albert Bandura or Bandura?
Short-term memory, also called _____ _____, processes different kinds of information from multiple sources.
What is working memory?
Rehearsal is a good way to get information into memory but not all are created equal. What's the better type of rehearsal?
What's elaborative?
Many cases of forgetting really are not true forgetting but instead are cases of the information never being
What is encoded?
This theory of motivation emphasizes helping a species survive and reproduction
What is Instinct Theory?
The intrinsic motivation to seek information about something unusual or interesting when there is no other incentive beyond simply wanting to know
What is curiosity?
This theory of emotion suggests that the physiological response comes first
What is the James-Lange Theory?
Socially learned, culture-specific norms for expressing emotions
What are display rules?
This occurs when a singles [but strong] pairing of food and sickness makes us feel negative about that food for years for years.
What is taste aversion?
To study how animals learn from experience. Thorndyke created these type of boxes.
What are puzzle?
A change in knowledge or understanding on a mental level
What is cognitive learning?
According to this model, memory can be broken down into three memory systems: sensory, short-term and long-term memory.
What is the multistore or Atkinson & Shiffrin?
Continuous learning or practicing of material to strengthen memory
What is overlearning?
A state when we simply are not paying attention, we lose focus and we forget, because information never got encoded in the first place
What is absentmindedness?
The theory of motivation that is both biological and psychological
What is Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs or Hierarchy of Needs?
The desire to do something because the activity itself is enjoyable or rewarding
What is intrinsic motivation?
This theory of emotion suggests that the physiological response occurs last after the cognitive appraisal and emotional response
What is Lazarus's Cognitive-Mediational Theory?
This hypothesis proposes that all humans, regardless of culture, have the same facial expressions for core emotions and can recognize them in others
What is the universality hypothesis?
The first phase in classical conditioning when the two stimuli are repeatedly paired together is:
What is acquisition?
Thorndyke's theory that, in general, behaviors followed by rewards will be strengthened while behaviors followed by punishments will be weakened.
What is the "Law of Effect"?
Classical and operant conditioning rely on _____ what's happening around us, then responding
What is observing?
Working memory's capacity for novel units
What is seven plus or minus two?
The process that transforms temporary memories into more permanent memories
What is consolidation?
Remembering information but not being sure where or how you learned it
What is source amnesia?
The steady state of healthy functioning and physiological balance in which all our biological needs are met
What is homeostasis?
The desire to work hard, master a skill or meet a goal and do something useful with your life
What is achievement motivation?
As the James-Lange Theory also suggests, this hypothesis proposes that the sensation of our facial expressions will influence our emotions
What is the facial feedback hypothesis?
Finely tuned neural pathways tied to emotional experiences
What are survival circuits?
While unethical, the "Little Albert" study demonstrated this classical conditioning phenomenon.
What is generalization?
In operant conditioning, placing the word _____ in front of "reinforcement or punishment" means that something will be subtracted or taken away
What is negative?
Knowledge gained that can only be observed indirectly or later
What is latent learning?
Episodic memory [personal experiences] resembles an _____ and semantic memory [facts and concepts] resembles an _____ [looking for types of books]
What are an autobiography and an encyclopedia?
Retrieval is improved when the context for encoding and retrieving matches.
What is context-dependent memory?
This type of interference occurs when learning something new makes it more difficult to recall old information
What is retroactive?
Getting a paycheck for working represents which theory of motivation
What is Incentive Theory?
This achievement motivation "goal" is negatively framed, they state what you want to avoid or are afraid of
What are avoidance goals?
That we can be physiologically aroused without experiencing an emotion was one of the criticisms of the James-Lange Theory proposed by whom
Who is Walter Cannon?
With this type of empathy, one actually feels the emotional state - feels it personally
What is affective empathy?
Before conditioning occurs the unconditioned stimulus elicits the _____ and the neutral or conditioned stimulus elicits _____.
What are the unconditioned response and no or an irrelevant response.
A scalloped pattern of responding is typically associated with this schedule of consequence/reinforcement.
What is an fixed-interval?
The instinct to _____ & _____ is the foundation of observational learning.
What are observe & imitate?
Memory is a _____ that includes these three basic steps: encoding, storage and retrieval.
What is a process?
This principle states it is easier to remember information when the circumstances at retrieval match the circumstances at encoding
What is encoding specificity?
Tip of the tongue phenomenon can be induced by
What is blocking a memory?
Self Determination Theory includes these three needs
What are autonomy, competence and relatedness?
Encourages thrill seeking and new physiological experiences
What is sensory curiosity?
This theory of emotions purposes that when one is physiologically aroused and looks at what is taking place around them
What is the Schachter-Singer Theory of Emotion ---OR--- the Two-Factor Theory of Emotion?
The emotion of anger could provide these three beneficial survival circuits
What are defense, reproductive and feeding circuits?