Urine sample collection
It is better if the urine you are testing is:
a) Cold -directly out of the refrigerator
b) At room temperature
Room temperature
Urine is usually slightly acidic. What could be the reason for a more alkaline urine sample?
Vegetarian/ diet rich in fruits and vegetables
Medications -K citrate, Na bicarb, carbonic anhydrase inhibitors
If standing for 2-4 hrs – pH increases due to urea degraded to ammonia
kidney failure, (acidic or alkaline depending on the stage) UTI (alkaline)
List 3 components NOT usually found in a healthy urine sample.
1. Haemoglobin
2. Nitrites
3. RBC
4. WBC
5. Glucose
6. Ketones
7. Proteins
Incontinence due to a bladder outlet obstruction is known as _____________ incontinence.
Overflow incontinence
For which type of incontinence would Kegel cones be used?
Stress incontinence
How long after collecting a urine sample will the specimen still be useable if kept at room temperature?
1 hr
Name one medication that could turn urine bright orange.
Rifampicin or Vitamin B12
What could protein in the urine be an indication of?
Acute and chronic kidney disease
Pre-eclampsia
Hypertensive nephropathy
Incontinence due to involuntary bladder muscle contraction is known as___________ incontinence
Urge incontinence
What type of catheter would be used for long term use?
Foley/indwelling catheter
What type of sample collection is best for detecting pregnancy?
First morning void
What volume of urine per day would indicate anuria?
less than 100ml in 24hrs
What could bilirubin in the /urobilinogen in the urine indicate
Liver disease
Which medications are known to be ineffective and may worsen stress or overflow incontinence?
Anticholinergics
What device could you recommend to an active male with stress incontinence?
Penile clamp
Which collection device would be the best choice for a 24-hour urine sample collection?
Wide neck jar
What does specific gravity of urine tell us?
A measure of hydration (compares the density of urine to the density of water)
Interpret this specific gravity (1.031)
Serious dehydration (Normally between 1.015-1.025 anything over 1.030=serious dehydration)
What is the drug class of choice for overflow incontinence?
α-adrenergic blockers
What device could you recommend to a female who "dribbles a bit " when going for her morning run
Urethral plug
Explain why you can get a false negative diabetic screen if the urine sample is left standing for too long at room temperature?
Bacterial overgrowth- bacteria metabolises glucose and gives a false negative diabetic screen
What is the name of the genetic condition that cause urine to turn black a few hours after urination?
Alkaptonuria
Name a medication that should be used with caution in sporting events as in excess concentrations they are on the prohibited list.
Ephedrine
Pseudoephedrine
Methyl ephedrine
In which type of incontinence would botox be used?
Urge incontinence (overactive bladder)
List 2 ways to prevent catheter encrustations with long term catheter use.
Acetic acid bladder wash
High dose vitamin C