Constitutional Basics
Why did the Framers want a written Constitution?
To limit government power and provide a framework for government.
The idea that people are the ultimate source of government power.
Popular Sovereignty.
Which amendment protects freedom of speech, press, religion, assembly, and petition?
1st Amendment.
In Miranda v. Arizona (1966), the Court ruled police must do what when questioning suspects?
Inform suspects of their rights (Miranda warnings).
Which two amendments guarantee due process?
5th and 14th Amendments.
Which part of the Constitution begins with “We the People”?
The Preamble.
Dividing government power into three branches is called…
Separation of Powers.
Which amendment protects the right to bear arms?
2nd Amendment.
In Gideon v. Wainwright (1963), the Court ruled all defendants have what right?
The right to an attorney, even if they cannot afford one.
What does “due process” mean?
The government must follow fair procedures before depriving someone of life, liberty, or property.
What is the process to change the Constitution called?
The amendment process.
Which principle ensures no branch becomes too powerful?
Checks and Balances.
Which amendment protects against unreasonable searches and seizures?
4th Amendment.
In In re Gault (1967), the Court decided juveniles are entitled to what?
Due process rights (notice of charges, right to an attorney, right to confront witnesses).
The 14th Amendment was passed after which major event?
The Civil War.
Which document first guaranteed protections like trial by jury and influenced the U.S. Constitution?
The Magna Carta.
A government where citizens elect representatives to make decisions is called…
Republicanism.
Which amendment gives the accused the right to a lawyer?
6th Amendment.
In Mapp v. Ohio (1961), the Court ruled evidence obtained illegally cannot be used in trial. What is this principle called?
The exclusionary rule.
What is “selective incorporation”?
The process by which the Supreme Court applied parts of the Bill of Rights to the states through the 14th Amendment.
How does the Declaration of Independence continue to influence American beliefs and principles today?
It emphasizes unalienable rights and the idea that government must protect citizens’ freedoms.
Which principle means that everyone, including government leaders, must follow the law?
Rule of Law.
Which amendment prohibits cruel and unusual punishment?
8th Amendment.
Compare Miranda v. Arizona and Gideon v. Wainwright. How did both cases expand protections for the accused?
Both strengthened due process by ensuring fair trials—Miranda required rights to be read, Gideon required access to an attorney.
How does due process limit government power?
It ensures the government cannot abuse power by unfairly punishing or depriving citizens of rights.