Chapter 1
Three crops that are grown together because of the way that they support one another in deterring pests, and encouraging growth; cultivated by the Haudenosaunee.
What are the "Three Sisters" - corn, beans, and squash.
This is an ailment caused by a lack of vitamin C; this was something that European explorers fell sick to because they did not bring fruits and vegetables with them on their expeditions. The Haudenosaunee would later help the explorers with traditional remedies.
What is "scruvy"
What is "Mercantilism"?
A way to trade goods and resources without using money.
What is "barter"?
A person whose first language is French.
What is a "Francophone"?
These women belong to the Haudenosaunee, and they are the head of each longhouse. The Haudenosaunee are a matrilineal group, which means that inheritance goes to the women, men move into their wives homes, the the women within these clans own everything in the house.
What is a "Clan Mother"
In 1534, this French explorer was sent to find a passage through North America to Asia. He landed in a place called Gaspe, and met the Haudenosaunee people. He would then take the Haudenosaunee leader Donnacona's two sons back to France to show them to his king.
Who is "Jacques Cartier"
This individual was the first English explorer to attempt building a colony in North America, but failed because he and his colonist friends were not used to the climate of North America.
Who is "Walter Raleigh"?
This traditional food is made with dried and shredded buffalo meat mixed with fat and berries.
A French general known as the commander of the Seven Years War, and attempted to defend Fortress of Quebec from the British.
Who is "General Montcalm"?
Keepers of knowledge that pass down history through oral culture; highly respected in their communities and teach Indigenous youth with stories.
Adventurers Pierre Radisson and his brother in law, Sieur des Groseilliers, travelled to Hudson's Bay, which would later result in the creation of the Hudson's Bay Company from the accomplishments of these adventurers.
Who were the "coureurs de bois"
This individual arrived off the coast of Newfoundland in 1497, and reported that there were so many fish that, "they could be caught just by lowering a basket into the water."
Who is "John Cabot"?
These are classified as "invisible enemies", they are caused by germs and can result in individuals becoming sick with things like smallpox, measles, tuberculosis, influenza, and whooping cough.
What are "diseases"?
This is a type of country that is more powerful than almost all other countries, they dominate world affairs, and usually have very large armies. For example, USA, China, Russia.
What are "superpowers"?
An alliance between five Haudenosaunee nations south of the Great Lakes: the Seneca, Cayuga, Onondaga, Oneida, and Mohawk. Later, in 1715 a sixth nation, the Tuscarora joined the alliance.
What is the "Iroquois Confederacy," or the "Six Nations Confederacy"
In New France, this is a level of government that includes: a Governor, Intendant, Bishop, and Appointed Councillors
What is the "Sovereign Council"
Historically, the French and British were often at war, until 1713 when they signed this treaty which allowed the French to keep control of the Fortress of Louisbourg, while the former French colony Acadia was given to the British.
This explorer travelled from Scotland to Canada to work in the fur trade when he was 15 years old. He was on a mission to find a way to get over the Rocky Mountains. To this day, there is a monumental boulder that he wrote his name on, dated 22 of July 1793.
TThis fortress was the gateway to the colony for the French -- it included the governor's mansion , and the homes of the wealth, and all ships coming up the river had to pass within range of its cannons.
What is the "Fortress of Quebec?"
This group was called the "Ojibway," or, "Salteaux," this group is known for wild rice harvesting, and men and women serving equal roles.
Who are the "Anishinabe"
Country A sends settlers and soldiers to Country B - Country B becomes a colony of Country A. People from Country A then send resources from Country B back to their home country, Country A.
For example, France colonized Canada, and brought settlers to send back furs, lumber, minerals, food, etc.
What is "imperialism"?
This individual was raised at a fur-trading post where he learned both the European and Dene ways of life - how was able to speak three languages, and he was sent by the Hudson's Bay Company to Lake Athabasca in order to solve disputes between the Cree and Dene.
Who is "Matonabbee"?
These people worked for the North West Company, who extended the fur trade farther than it did in the days of New France, changing the company's goal towards making money instead of making a colony.
Who are the "Nor'Westers"?
This group of people were expelled from Canada and deported to New England colonies; some were sent to the Caribbean, to France, England. Some other may have been hiding in the woods, and others would have made their way to New Orleans, Louisana. Today, they have formed into the "Cajun community".
Who are the "Acadians"