Motion, Forces and Types of Interactions
What is Newton's First Law also called?
The Law of Inertia.
What is the unit of electrical power?
Watt (W)
What is codominance?
A pattern of inheritance where both alleles for a trait are fully expressed in the heterozygote.
What is the empirical formula of C6H12O6?
CH2O
What theory explains that reactions occur when particles collide with enough energy and proper orientation?
Collision theory
What is Newton’s Second Law formula?
Force = mass × acceleration (F = m × a)
What is the formula for work?
Work = Force * Distance
What is incomplete dominance?
A pattern of inheritance where both alleles for a trait are fully expressed in the heterozygote.
What are the STP conditions?
0 degrees Celsius and 1atm/101.325 kPa
Name two factors that increase reaction rate by increasing the frequency or energy of collisions.
high temperature, high concentration of at least one reactant, presence of a catalyst, higher surface area
On a velocity vs. time graph, what does a horizontal line above the x-axis mean?
Constant velocity.
What is conduction?
The transfer of heat through direct contact between particles.
What are the different forms of a gene called?
Alleles
What is the molar mass of an element?
The mass of one mole of that element (in grams).
How does increasing the surface area of a solid reactant affect the reaction rate?
It increases the reaction rate by exposing more particles to collide.
A person walks 3 km east, then 4 km west. What is their total displacement?
1 km west.
What type of energy transformation occurs in a battery-powered flashlight?
Chemical → Electrical → Light (and some heat)
What is the ratio of phenotypes in a monohybrid cross of two heterozygous parents?
3:1
What happens to the volume of a gas if the temperature increases while pressure stays the same?
The volume increases
In an exothermic reaction, is the total energy released from forming bonds greater or less than the energy needed to break bonds?
Greater
What type of force keeps an object moving in a circle, like a car on a roundabout?
Centripetal force.
An object requires 100 J to move 10 meters. What is the force applied?
10 N (Force = Work ÷ Distance)
What molecule brings amino acids to the ribosome during translation?
Transfer RNA (tRNA).
How many moles of H are there in H2O?
2 moles
A reaction’s energy profile shows a high activation energy but is exothermic overall. Explain why such a reaction might still be slow despite releasing energy.
Even though the reaction releases energy overall (exothermic), the high activation energy means that many particles don’t have enough energy to overcome the energy barrier to start the reaction. Therefore, the reaction rate can be slow until enough particles gain sufficient energy or a catalyst lowers the activation energy.