Chapter 6
What is the main function of our digestive system?
It helps us obtain energy from the food we eat.
What is gluttony?
One of the seven deadly sins and it refers to misuse of the great gift of food by eating or drinking too much.
What is chyme?
a thick creamy mixture of food ready to leave the stomach and enter the small intestine
What are villi?
tiny, finger-like projections on the wall of the small intestine, through which nutrients from food pass into the bloodstream
What does the bladder do?
stores (holds) urine
Where does digestion begin?
the mouth
What tube connects the mouth to the stomach?
esophagus
How do the gallbladder and the liver work together to aid in the digestion of oils and fats?
creates bile to break down fats and oils into smaller droplets through a process called emulsification
Which organ processes the nutrient-rich blood?
liver
What is the difference between the ureters and the urethra?
Ureters carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder.
The urine exits the body through a tube called the urethra.
What is the digestive tract?
One long tube that begins at the mouth, to the esophagus, to the stomach, to the small intestine and then the large intestine.
What important role does the epiglottis play?
keeps food out of the trachea (the windpipe)
What role does the pancreas play in digestion?
releases pancreatic fluid made up of enzymes to assist with the digestion of multiple types of food, such as fats and proteins
What important role does the large intestine play?
What is acid reflux disease?
a condition in which the stomach acid backs up into the esophagus
What is the mechanical breakdown of food?
The physical breakdown of food into smaller pieces, mostly done by teeth in the mouth.
How does the stomach continue mechanical digestion?
Stomach muscles contract, crushing food and continuing mechanical breakdown.
What is the duodenum?
the beginning or entrance of the small intestine
What are nephrons?
tiny, microscopic structures in the kidneys that filter the blood
What are lactose intolerant and celiac diseases?
Lactose intolerance refers to a difficulty in digesting dairy products.
A person with celiac disease cannot properly digest gluten.
What substance in the mouth contains an enzyme that causes the chemical breakdown of some food?
saliva (spit)
What foods are chemically digested in the stomach?
proteins
the small intestine
Why are the kidneys so important?
The kidneys filter wastes out of the blood. They keep toxic substances out of the bloodstream, and also help regulate the amount of water in the body.
What is the difference between a hernia and an ulcer?
A hernia is when an internal body part squeezes into an area it doesn't belong.
An ulcer is a burning in the stomach or duodenum caused by gastric juices, due to a break in the protective lining of the organs.
What are the six categories of nutrients?
carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals, water
What is the difference between simple carbohydrates and complex carbohydrates?
Simple carbohydrates don't need to be broken down. They can be absorbed quickly into the bloodstream, and give quick, though often short, bursts of energy.
Complex carbohydrates need to be digested and generally provide more sustained, longer-lasting energy.
What is the most energy-dense nutrient?
fat
What are vitamins and minerals?
Vitamins are substances that assist important chemical reactions in the body.
Minerals are important nutrients found in rocks and soil that we can obtain by eating certain plants and animals.
What is the long, continuous tube beginning at the mouth through which food travels?
digestive tract
The duodenum
What organ processes blood that has just received nutrients from digested food?
the liver
What organ secretes digestive enzymes into the duodenum to aid (help) with the digestion of foods such as fats and proteints?
the pancreas
What are the most energy-dense nutrients?
fats
What is the main role of proteins?
to support growth and tissue repair
What occurs when there is a break in the protective lining of the stomach or duodenum?
an ulcer
What is a complex carbohydrate that cannot be digested?
fiber
What occurs when an internal body part squeezes into an area it doesn't belong?
a hernia
What is the vice that refers to the misuse of the gift of food by eating or drinking too much?
What contains teeth for mechanical breakdown and saliva for chemical breakdown?
the mouth
What is the name of the tube that connects the mouth to the stomach?
esophagus
What turns food into chyme through both mechanical AND chemical digestion?
the stomach
What produces bile?
the liver
What stores (holds) bile until it is released into the duodenum?
gallbladder
What releases digestive enzymes into the duodenum?
pancreas
Nutrients from food enter the bloodstream through the walls of this organ.
small intestine
Where is undigested food turned into solid waste?
large intestine
What filters the blood to remove wastes?
kidneys
What stores (holds) urine until it exits the body?
bladder
Which one is a simple carbohydrate?
A. Starch
B. Sugar
C. Fiber
D. None of the above
B. Sugar
What substance in the stomach helps kill harmful bacteria that may have been swallowed?
hydrochloric acid
Which is/are part of the urinary system?
A. Small Intestine
B. Stomach
C. Kidneys
D. Gallbladder
C. Kidneys
Name the six categories of nutrients:
Carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals, water
What is the difference between mechanical digestion and chemical digestion?
Mechanical digestion is the physical breaking down of food into smaller pieces. (Like using teeth to chew pieces of food into smaller pieces)
Chemical breakdown occurs when substances called enzymes create a chemical change in the food that we eat.