The Industrial Revolution
Before the industrial revolution, goods were not made in factories but by families in people's homes. What do we call this type of industry?
Cottage industry or domestic industry
In France, the revolution of 1848 established the Second Republic. Who was its first elected president?
Louis Napoleon
He was the nephew of Napoleon and later became Emperor.
Name a country that fought in the Crimean War.
Britain, France, the Ottoman Empire, Russia.
Which Italian state did Italian nationalists pin their hopes on after 1848?
Piedmont
Piedmont was the strongest state in Italy, with industry and a modern army. Nationalists knew that only a strong state would be able to make their dream of a united Italy come true.
This philosophy emphasizes tradition, social stability, and resistance to change.
People who believed in this in the 19th century supported strong monarchies and less democracy.
Conservatism
Name any invention that was important to the Industrial Revolution.
Answers may include:
The Flying Shuttle, the Spinning Jenny, the water-powered loom, the Steam Engine, the Cotton Gin, the railway locomotive, the steamship, or the telegraph.
After the revolutions of 1848, the German states of the German Confederation all elected representatives to this assembly. What was the assembly called?
The Frankfurt Assembly
What started the Crimean War?
The Crimean War started in 1853 when Russia invaded the Turkish provinces of Moldovia and Wallachia.
Why did Piedmont's prime minister, Cavour, ally with Louis-Napoleon of France?
He knew Piedmont's army was not strong enough to take on the Austrians without help.
Cavour was scheming to unite all Italy under the rule of the king of Piedmont. Austria stood in his way.
This philosophy emphasizes individual freedom, freedom of the press, equality under the law, religious toleration, and freedom of trade.
People who believed in this in the 19th century supported constitutional monarchies limited by law, and representative governments elected by property owners.
Liberalism
Cotton and the production of cotton cloth was very important to the Industrial Revolution. It has even been described as the 'oil' of the time. Where did all the cotton come from and who picked it?
Cotton came from the plantations of the American South and was picked by slaves.
Why did the Frankfurt Assembly fail in its aim of creating a united Germany?
It had no army.
The rulers of the German states (dukes, kings, etc) found they did not need to listen to it (and the representatives in the assembly could not agree amongst themselves).
What happened to Moldavia and Wallachia after the Crimean War?
They were ruled neither by the Ottomans or the Russians.
Piedmont and France fought a war in 1859 against the Austrians. What did Piedmont gain after they won?
Lombardy
They gave Savoy and Nice to France as a reward, but Lombardy was bigger.
This is the idea that a people who share a common language, culture, and history should have their own nation-state.
People who believed in this in the 19th century had to upset the existing order because states were not based on nationality and controlled varied territories.
Nationalism
Where did the first public railway line run from and to?
From Liverpool to Manchester in the UK.
Who helped the Austrians to crush revolutions in Vienna, in Czechia, and in Hungary?
The Russian Army
The Russian Tsar was committed to supporting the conservative order.
Why was Russia angry with Austria after the Crimean War?
Because the Austrians refused to help them.
After Italian nationalists overthrew the governments of Parma, Modena, and Tuscany, what did they do?
They joined their states to Piedmont.
What is universal suffrage?
When everyone has the right to vote.
In many countries in Europe in the 19th century, the right to vote was restricted to a minority of people who had enough property.
Women were not allowed to vote.
Name one of the countries that first encouraged industrialisation in Europe after Britain?
Belgium, France, or the German states
The Austrian Emperor
It was agreed at the Congress of Vienna in 1814 that these lands should go to the Austrian Empire. Nobody asked the ordinary Italian people what they thought.
It opened up opportunities for national unification in Italy and Germany.
Austria and Russia were the main conservative powers in Europe. Because they fell out over the Crimean War, that meant no more Russian armies stopping nationalist movements in Europe.
What Italian nationalist hero brought Sicily and South Italy into the new Italian state?
Giuseppe Garibaldi
What is the difference between a Republic and a Constitutional monarchy?
Both types of government have elected assemblies. Constitutional monarchies have a king or queen too, but they are limited by a constitution.