Chemistry Bonds and Properties
This type of compound is formed by the electrostatic attraction between a cation and an anion.
What is an ionic compound?
This specific cell transport process is defined as the movement of only water.
What is osmosis?
This term refers to all the anabolic and catabolic chemical reactions that occur in the body.
What is metabolism?
In physics, energy is defined as the ability to do this.
What is useful work?
In an experiment testing how hydrogen peroxide concentration affects reaction rate, the concentration of hydrogen peroxide is classified as this type of variable.
What is the independent variable?
Sugar, carbon dioxide, and water are all common examples of this type of compound.
What are covalent / molecular compounds?
These are the two types of passive transport mentioned in the unit.
What are osmosis and diffusion?
Photosynthesis is classified as this type of metabolic reaction because it builds larger, complex molecules from simpler ones.
What is an anabolic reaction?
This is the standard unit of measurement used for energy.
What is the Joule (J)?
Variables that must remain identical across all trials, such as the 5 mL of distilled water or the 2 cm potato piece, are known as these.
What are controlled variables?
This physical property is generally high for ionic compounds and low for covalent compounds.
What are melting points / boiling points?
Unlike passive transport, active transport requires the use of this energy molecule.
What is ATP?
This is the complete word equation for aerobic cellular respiration.
What is glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water?
Kinetic, sound, electrical, and heat are all examples of these.
What are different stores of energy?
If an experiment measures the time taken for a filter paper disc to float to the surface, the "time taken" is classified as this type of variable.
What is the dependent variable?
According to naming rules, this is the correct chemical name for the covalent compound P2O5.
What is diphosphorus pentoxide?
This transport process is responsible for moving materials against their concentration gradient (from low to high concentration).
What is active transport?
Enzymes catalyze specific reactions by having a specifically shaped one of these, which substrates fit perfectly into.
What is an active site?
During photosynthesis, plants convert light energy into this type of energy store.
What is chemical energy?
If a student calculated a reaction rate (1/s) where the time was 10 seconds and recorded "0.010 s-1", they made a calculation error; the answer should actually be this.
What is 0.100 s-1?
Ionic compounds will conduct electricity only when they are dissolved in these two specific states.
What are aqueous and liquid states?
In the human respiratory system, oxygen enters the bloodstream from the alveoli through this passive transport process.
What is diffusion?
These digestive enzymes are examples of catabolic processes that break down proteins, carbohydrates, and fats, respectively.
What are proteases, amylase, and lipases?
A pendulum swinging back and forth temporarily stops when it reaches these specific points in its path.
What are the furthest points away?
To maintain a "fair test", we must control temperature in enzyme experiments; otherwise, we cannot be sure if changes in the rate are due to the independent variable or this.
What is the temperature?
In an ionic compound, electrons are transferred from a metal to a nonmetal, whereas in a covalent compound, electrons are doing this.
What is shared?
This transport process is required to move larger molecules like glucose into our blood through the villi of the digestive system.
What is active transport?
When an animal cell has low oxygen available, it switches from aerobic respiration in the mitochondria to anaerobic respiration in this part of the cell.
What is the cytoplasm?
Because it is temporarily stopped at the furthest points of its swing, a pendulum has exactly this much kinetic energy.
What is zero?
When graphing data to show a trend (such as the relationship between concentration and rate), you should draw this type of line rather than connecting the dots.
What is a line of best fit / trendline?
The chemical formula for magnesium chloride is MgCl2, not MgCl, because each magnesium atom must lose this many valence electrons.
What is two?
Alveoli inflate into a spherical shape to increase this property, which allows oxygen and carbon dioxide to exchange more quickly.
What is surface area?
In the anaerobic respiration of animal cells, glucose is converted into this byproduct instead of carbon dioxide and water.
What is lactic acid?
In an energy flow diagram for a hair dryer, electrical energy is converted into kinetic energy, sound energy, and this type of energy.
What is thermal energy / heat?
On a graph showing the rate of photosynthesis, if the slope of the line for leaves in the sun is steeper than shaded leaves, it indicates the rate of CO2 consumption is doing this.
What is increasing faster?
According to naming conventions, this is the reason why the name "monocarbon tetrafluoride" for CF4 is incorrect.
What is: you do not use prefixes (like mono-) on the first word if there is only one?
Plant root cells have this specific adaptation to increase their rate of water absorption from the surrounding soil.
What is an elongated projection?
This is the complete word equation for the anabolic process of photosynthesis.
What is carbon dioxide + water → glucose + oxygen?
In the kinetic energy formula (Ek = 1/2mv^2), the "m" stands for mass, and the "v" stands for this.
What is velocity?
On an enzyme reaction graph, the trendline plateaus around 80% concentration because the enzyme active sites are all in this state.
What is saturated?
If you have two unidentified white powders (one ionic, one covalent), performing this scientific test on a hotplate will quickly identify the covalent one.
What is a melting point test? (The covalent compound melts first).
While passive transport handles small molecules like water and oxygen, active transport is necessary to transport these types of larger molecules.
What are glucose and amino acids?
Increasing the concentration of an enzyme increases activity because the enzymes and substrates do this more frequently.
What is collide?
Applying the kinetic energy formula, if an object has no motion, the "v" term is zero, meaning that multiplying the equation out results in this calculated kinetic energy.
What is zero Joules?
Reaction rate increases as concentration goes from 10% to 70% because more particles per unit volume lead to more frequent instances of this.
What are collisions?
When sketching a correct Lewis structure for the ionic compound LiCl, you cannot draw them sharing electrons; you must show the transfer of an electron to form these two specific ions.
What are [Li]+ and [Cl]-?
Throughout the human body, water constantly transfers into and out of our cells using this specific mechanism.
What is osmosis?
At excessively high temperatures, the rate of enzyme-catalyzed reactions drops drastically because the heat causes the enzymes to do this.
What is denature?
A battery, a piece of food, and an unlit match all contain this type of potential energy store waiting to be transformed.
What is chemical energy?
When observing a graph of photosynthesis rate vs. temperature, the curve eventually crashes because excessively high temperatures cause the plant's enzymes to do this.
What is denature?