Key People
(1881-1955) A Scottish physician and microbiologist, he is renowned for discovering penicillin, the first widely effective antibiotic, revolutionizing medicine, and saving countless lives.
Alexander Flemming
The boiling point of water.
100° Celsius or 212° Fahrenheit
A combination of two or more substances that are not chemically combined.
Mixture
What are the four states of matter?
Solid, Liquid, Gas, Plasma
Refers to a substance's ability to dissolve
Soluble
(1749-1823) An English physician and scientist, credited with pioneering vaccines and creating the smallpox vaccine.
Edward Jenner
Freezing point of water.
0° Celsius or 32° Fahrenheit
A substance that has the ability to dissolve a wide variety of other substances.
Universal Solvent
A state of matter characterized by a fixed shape and volume, where particles are closely packed in a regular pattern. It maintains its shape and volume unless heat is applied.
Solid
A mixture of two or more substances that stays evenly mixed.
Solution
(1745–1827) An Italian physicist and chemist. Invented the electric battery and demonstrated that electricity could be chemically generated, challenging the idea that it only came from living things. His work sparked the development of a new field called electrochemistry.
Alessandro Volta
The process where solid particles sink to the bottom of a liquid.
Sedimentation
A substance capable of dissolving other substances, forming a solution.
Solvent
A state of matter with a definite volume but no fixed shape, where particles are close together but can move past each other. It takes the shape of its container but maintains a constant volume.
Liquid
A solution where the solvent has dissolved as much solute as it can at a given temperature and pressure, and any additional solute will not dissolve
Saturated
(1766-1844) An English chemist, physicist, and meteorologist, is best known for pioneering the development of modern atomic theory. This theory explains how elements and their compounds behave and are made up of tiny particles called atoms.
John Dalton
A measure of the amount of salt dissolved in water.
Salinity
The substance that gets dissolved into a solution.
Solute
A state of matter with no fixed shape or volume, where particles move freely and fill the space available to them. It expands to fill the space in a room.
Gas
The number of particles in a given volume of solution.
Concentration
(1627-1691) Recognized as the first modern chemist. Discoverer Boyle's Law which explains the relationship between the pressure and volume of a gas.
Robert Boyle
Seawater
Two or more substances that are evenly mixed together. The mixture is blended so thoroughly, it looks like one substance.
Homogeneous Mixture
A state of matter consisting of charged particles (ions and electrons) with no fixed shape or volume. It occurs when gases in the air become ionized during a storm, producing a glowing discharge.
Plasma
A mixture of two or more components in which solid particles are spread throughout a liquid but do not dissolve, eventually settling to the bottom over time.
Suspension