Complement or Adjunct?
In "The cold weather turned the leaves yellow," is yellow an obligatory complement or an optional adjunct?
Obligatory Complement (It completes the meaning of turned).
What element serves as the essential core or "head" of an Adverbial Phrase (AdvP)?
An adverb.
Identify the AdvP type/meaning: "We walked very carefully across the floor."
Manner
True or False: In "We usually go on holiday in August," in August is an Adverbial Phrase.
False (It functions adverbially, but structurally it is a Prepositional Phrase / PP).
In "She made him happy," is the bolded word describing the Subject (She) or the Object (him)?
The Object (him).
In "He translated the text with great care," is with great care a complement or an adjunct?
Adjunct (It is an optional modifier adding extra information).
In the phrase very carefully, identify the head adverb and the premodifier.
Head: carefully | Premodifier: very
Identify the AdvP type/meaning: "They almost never invite people to their house."
Frequency
Fix the error: "The coach made the player to captain."
"The coach made the player captain." (TV + AC requires NP complement without preposition).
True or False: In "We met yesterday," the word yesterday is an Adverbial Phrase showing Time.
True.
Identify the Object Complement in this sentence: "The committee elected Sarah president."
president
In the phrase quickly enough, what role does the word enough play structurally?
Postmodifier.
Identify the AdvP type/meaning: "Dad got home very late."
Time
Is the underlined phrase an obligatory complement or optional adjunct? "The jury considered the contract invalid."
Obligatory Complement.
Which word is the Object Complement (AC) in this sentence? "The judge declared the decision official."
Official.
According to Bas Aarts, how do you syntactically distinguish a complement from an adjunct in a transitive verb structure?
Complements are obligatory arguments required to complete structural meaning; adjuncts are optional modifiers.
Bas Aarts notes that an AdvP can function as an adjunct modifying a verb. What are two other structures an AdvP can modify?
An Adjective Phrase (AdjP) or another Adverbial Phrase (AdvP).
Identify the AdvP type/meaning: "That's it. Right there."
Place.
Identify the premodifier and postmodifier in: "So fast that we missed it".
Answer: Premodifier: So | Postmodifier: that we missed it.
What type of Adverbial Phrase meaning (Manner, Place, Time, Frequency) is used here? "He ran very fast."
Manner (It tells us how he ran).
Under Wekker & Haegeman's constituency analysis, where are complements located relative to the verbal head in a VP tree?
Answer: Complements are classified as sisters to the verbal head.
Draw or state the structural hierarchy of a full AdvP according to Wekker & Haegeman.
Premodifier + Head + Postmodifier.
What type of adverbial function connects two clauses logically in: "It rained heavily; therefore, the crops failed"?
Linking
Explain why removing yellow in "The cold weather turned the leaves yellow" alters the fundamental structural meaning of turned, whereas removing with great care in "He translated the text with great care" does not.
Yellow is an obligatory complement completing the causative sense of turn (TV+AC); with great care is an optional adjunct adding manner.
If you delete the italic phrase, does the sentence still make complete sense? "They painted the door red."
No (In a TV+AC structure, the complement red is obligatory to complete the meaning).