Botanical Info
Grapes belong to this genus and family.
What are Vitis and Vitaceae?
This trellising system, abbreviated VSP, vertically organizes shoots for sunlight and airflow.
What is Vertical Shoot Positioning?
This root-feeding insect devastated European vineyards in the 19th century.
What is grape phylloxera?
These grapes are smaller, with thicker skins and higher phenolic content.
What are wine grapes?
Grapes were domesticated about 6,000 years ago in this region.
What is the Caucasus/Fertile Crescent (Georgia, Armenia, Iran)?
The principal cultivated grape species, with over 5,000 cultivars.
What is Vitis vinifera?
Grapevines require this many chilling hours to break dormancy.
What are 100–600 hours?
This fungal disease causes white, powdery growth on leaves and berries.
What is powdery mildew?
These grapes are often seedless with larger berries and tender skins.
What are table grapes?
This ancient empire spread viticulture widely across the Mediterranean.
What is the Roman Empire?
Grapevines are diploid with this chromosome number.
What is 2n = 38? 19 is also acceptable
This irrigation strategy deliberately limits water to enhance fruit flavor and concentration.
What is regulated deficit irrigation (RDI)?
This insect pest transmits grapevine leafroll virus.
What are mealybugs or leafhoppers?
Table grapes are harvested at this typical Brix range, while wine grapes are harvested at higher Brix
What is 16–20° Brix for table grapes and 22–26° for wine grapes
Approximately this percentage of global grape production goes to wine.
What is ~57%?
These American grape species are widely used as rootstocks for phylloxera resistance.
What are Vitis riparia, V. labrusca, or V. aestivalis?
Higher vineyard planting densities (e.g., 5,000 vines/ha) lead to this berry trait.
What are smaller berries with higher concentration?
Downy mildew and botrytis bunch rot are examples of this type of pathogen.
What are fungal pathogens?
This visible change signals the onset of ripening in grapes.
What is véraison?
These three countries dominate global wine exports.
What are Italy, Spain, and France?
Grapevines are propagated this way, leading to intra-cultivar diversity through somatic mutation.
What is clonal propagation?
Pruning systems like cane and spur pruning regulate crop potential because grapevines fruit on what age of wood?
What is one-year-old wood?
What IPM tool is used for phylloxera resistance?
Loose clusters that resist bruising are characteristic of this type of grape.
What are table grapes?
This country produces the most grapes overall but consumes most domestically rather than exporting.
What is China?