Cloning
Who is Dolly?
Dolly the sheep was the first cloned mammal from a sometic cell.
Translate DNA.
DNS (Desoxyribonukleinsäure)
What is the product of Meiosis?
Four daughter cells.
Name three phases of the cell cycle.
G1, G0, Synthesis, G2, Mitosis, Interphase
What do the donors provide?
One provided the egg, another the DNA, and a third carried the cloned embryo to term.
Name the four bases.
Adenine, Guanine, Thymine, Cytosine
How many chromosomes do the daughter cells own?
23. Half the number of chromosomes.
Translate the following terms: mitosis,replication and spindle.
Zellkernteilung, Reproduktion und Faser.
Name the definition of cloning.
Cloning is the artificial produce of one or more living species with the exactly same genetics. These living species are just copies.
What is the written out form of the word "DNA"?
Deoxyribonucleic (acid)
What does the term "crossing over" mean?
Two homologous chromatids, maternal and paternal, are cross over in the Prophase I. This process increaes genetic variablility because of the genetic information exchange.
Define Mitosis.
The Mitosis is part of the cell cycle in which the cell grows, replicates its DNA and divides into two parts.
Why is the nucleus so important for cloning?
The nucleus is necessary for cloning because it contains the DNA of the organism which should be cloned. The egg just contains the genetic material from the nucleus donor.
These bases always bond in a certain way: __________ will only bond to __________. __________ will only bond to __________. These bases are held together loosely by _______________ and can occur in any order along a strand of DNA.
These bases always bond in a certain way: tymine will only bond to adenine. Cytosine will only bond to guanine. These bases are held together loosely by hydrogen bonds and can occur in any order along a strand of DNA.
Name all the stages of Meiosis.
Prophase I, Metaphase I, Anaphase I, Telophase I, Prophase II, Metaphase II, Anaphase II and Telophase II
Define the Cell cycle.
When a cell grows and develops the cell cycle is taking place. It consists of two stages - the interphase and the mitosis.
What is the process of cloning?
Explain the structure of DNA.
Each DNA nucleotide is made up of 5-carbon sugar deoxyribose, a phosphate group and a nitrogenous base.
Explain what happens in the different stages of meiosis.
Interphase
DNA is copied.
Prophase I: The chromosomes condense and the nuclear envelope breaks down. Chromosomes pair up. Crossing over takes place.
Recombination occurs.
Metaphase I: Chromosomes line up at the equator.
Anaphase I: Homologous chromosomes move tot he opposite poles of the cell.
Telophase I: Chromosomes gather at the poles and the cytoplasm starts to divide.
Prophase II: A new spindle forms. -> Two daughter cells
Metaphase II: Chromosomes ine up at the equator.
Anaphase II: Sister chromatids pulled apart.
Telophase II: Cell pinches in the middle. -> Four „granddaughter“ cells
Explain two out of the four phases of Mitosis.
Prophase: Chromosomes are thickening and condensing i. e. preparing to disassemble.
Metaphase: Nucleus disassembled and chromosomes are ordered in the middle of the cell.
Anaphase: Chromosoes divide in Chromatids and are pulled to oposite sides of the cell
Telophase: Cell divided into two parts which contain two nuclei that contain the chromatids