Yangs Class
Deep structure refers to the underlying meaning the sentence is conveying
Surface structure is the sequence of words and sounds that make up that sentence
What are excitatory versus inhibitory neurotransmitters, name three examples of each
Excitatory neurotransmitters increase the likelihood that a neuron will fire an action potential. Like norepinephrine, acetylcholine, and glutamate
Inhibitory neurotransmitters decrease the likelihood that a neuron will fire an action potential. Like GABA, glycine, and serotine.
Who is Aaron Beck, what did he believe?
He is the creator of CBT therapy. His perspective is that neurosis is due to cognitive distortions which create the cognitive triad (view of self, world and future) that influences feelings and actions
Define spatial and temporal summation
Spatial summation refers to multiple signals from postsynaptic neurons arriving to the presynaptic neuron at the same time, adding together their influence in firing an action potential, typically triggering threshold fasts
Temporal summation refers to a single postsynaptic neuron firing multiple signals in quick succession to the presynaptic neuron, gradually reaching threshold for action potential, typically happens slower
What is the fixed action pattern?
Behaviors that are preprogrammed and triggered by a cue or stimulus. More complex than an instinct, followed through to completion, and universally performed by individuals of a species
Define dorsal and ventral streams
Dorsal stream informs "where" and "how" for visual field. Contributes to reaching and grabbing, projects up to parietal lobe
Ventral stream informs "what" and supplies information about color, shape and texture. Projects to temporal lobe
Explain the role of acetlcholine
Involved in muscle action and memory, increases arousal and cognition
Describe the types of language development researchers
Nativists (Chomsky) believe in an inherent language acquisition device and universal grammar
Behaviorists (Skinner, Bandura) believe in language acquisition, reinforcement, and through repetition and imitation respectively
Cognitive Theory (Piaget) believes that language is a part of larger cognitive development, and that children need to have concepts and schemas before developing language
Interactionist Theory believes that interaction with caregivers primarily develops language
Describe the structure of a neuron
Cell body (where the charge is propelled from) leads to the axon, which contains myllein sheaths across is, and leads to the axon terminals which can release (or not) neurotransmitters into the next neurons dendrites
What do each of the lobes do? Name them
Occipital - vision
Temporal- auditory
Paretial - somatasensory and movement
Frontal - abstract thinking and decison making
What is Baddley's theory of working memory
States that working memory acts as a link between sensory and long term memory. Consists of; Visuospatial sketchpad (mental maps and visualization) for visual information
Phonological loop for auditory (phonological store ie inner ear, and articulatory control process, ie inner voice that rehearses)
Central executive directs attention and directs information to its correct place.
Episodic buffer links phonological loop and visuospatial sketchpad to long term memory, acts as a temporary storage and intergrator of all sensory information
Explain role of glutamate
Excitatory, involved in learning and memory, increases learning and enhances memory
Explain Carl Rogers theory
Client centered therapy method empathizes genuineness, unconditional positive regard, and empathy. The client is the expert and is leading the therapy, so there is a nondirective approach, and a focus on self awareness. Critical idea is that there is a intrinsic universal motivation to self actualize and grow
What does the hypothalamus do?
Maintains balance, coordinated autonomic system and endocrine system. Regulates body temperature, sleep wake cycle, controls hunger and thirst, processes emotions like fear and aggression.
What are the Gestalt Principles
Proximity, Similarity, Common Fate, Continuity, Closure, Symmetry, Figure/Ground
What is the function of the basal ganglia
Motor control-contributes to balance and posture, also hones and refines voluntary movements
Cognitive Functioning- filters out irrelevant information to task at hand, involved in decision making, memory and attention
Emotional Regulation - processing rewards and punishments, contributes to experience of pleasure, fear and motivation
What do dopamine and serotine do, how are they similar and different
They both are modulatory neurotransmitters, so they can both excite and inhibit certain functions.
Dopamine relates to pleasure, and can contribute to addiction cycles. Influences mood, sleep and learning, suppresses appetite
Serotine related to mood regulation, involved in mood and sleep, modulates mood, suppresses appetite
What is K. Horney's theory?
States that neurosis stems from adverse childhood experiences that form basic anxiety and "needs" that cause people to move compliantly (to get love and acceptance) against (to detach and assert independence) or aggressively (to assert dominance and power over to feel safe)
What does the Cerebellum do?
Maintains balance, regulating movements, facilitates motor learning, and cognitive functions like attention, language and emotional regulation
Vgotsky, what was his theory
Children develop with ZPD, the zone of proximal development. Says children learn better around adults and older peers, so they can be shown how to do something until they master it
What is the Stroop Effect
An error when the word "purple" is written in green and this causes confusion in recall. Explains automatic versus controlled processing and interference. More executive control is needed to process stimuli, slowing reaction time
Explain cortisol's role in the body
Who is John Watson, what does he believe?
Father of behaviorism, little albert experiment proved that humans could be conditioned, not just rats and pigeons
Pituitary versus Pineal gland
Pituitary releases hormones. Anterior pituitary does growth, metabolism, and stress response while posterior pituitary stores hormones, including oxytocin and vasopressin (thirst hormone)
Pineal gland secretes hormones and helps with circadian rhythms, produces melatonin
What is functional fixedness
A mental shortcut and a cognitive bias that prevents a person from seeing an object's potential uses beyond its most common or traditional function, thereby hindering creative problem-solving