Geography
The large body of water in which the Roman Empire surrounded.
Mediterranean Sea
Zoroastrianism
The field of study advanced by Euclid and Pythagoras.
Mathematics
The group allowed to return to Jerusalem by Cyrus the Great.
Jewish people
A type of government in which citizens are given the power to rule themselves, which originated in Athens.
Democracy
The perceived mythological founder of Rome.
Romulus
A period of time during the Roman Empire in which there was peace and stability.
Pax Romana
Money paid to the government by citizens.
Taxes
Sparta
The landforms responsible for dividing Greece.
Mountains
This culture heavily influenced Roman religion and mythology.
Greek
Temple constructed to honor Athena in the city of Athens.
Parthenon
The African territory conquered by Darius I at the southwestern edge of the Achaemenid Empire.
Egypt
The Greco-Persian wars saw this foreign power attempt to conquer the Greek peninsula.
Achaemenid Empire
The assemblies and tribunes were included in the Roman government to represent this large group of common people.
Plebeians
The Roman general and member of the First Triumvirate who was assassinated by members of the Senate after taking power in Rome.
Julius Caesar
Conquered prisoners of war forced to work in Roman mines and farms.
Slaves
A societal system in which men are in charge of their families and the government.
Patriarchy
The modern-day country in which the Achaemenid Empire originated.
Iran
A collection of stories about gods and heroes that attempt to explain different natural and historical events.
Mythology
Persian system used for communication and trade built under Darius I.
Royal Road
The emperor who led a second failed invasion of Greece and was later assassinated.
Xerxes I
A type of government in which a small group of nobility rules.
Aristocracy.
In times of instability, the Roman Senate who select someone to serve as this, a role which held absolute but temporary power.
Dictator
A type of government in which people elect the leaders who govern them.
Republic
An economic activity limited by poor soil on the Greek peninsula.
Agriculture
The public meeting center in Rome which served as the heart of its political, social, and commercial life.
Roman Forum
The Roman province that contains the majority of the modern-day country of France.
Gallia (Gaul)
The act of permitting conquered peoples to retain and practice their religious beliefs.
Religious Tolerance
Roman language that led to the development of many widely-spoken European languages.
Latin
The ancient text that records the Achaemenid conquest of Babylon.
Cyrus Cylinder
The victorious side in the Peloponnesian War.
Peloponnesian League
These people were responsible for invading and toppling the Western Roman Empire during its decline.
Germanic Tribes (Huns, Goths, Vandals, etc.)
This city located in the modern-day country of Türkiye, became the new capital of Roman Empire under Constantine.
Constaninople
Luxury good brought from China all the way to Rome.
Silk
The empire in which women were allowed to own property, conduct business, receive similar wages, and sometimes serve in the military.
Achaemenid (Persian)
The four major rivers that provided sources of agriculture for the Achaemenid Empire.
Tigris, Euphrates, Nile, and Indus Rivers
Roman Emperor who converted to Christianity and legalized the religion through the Edict of Milan.
Constatine
A system of canals and pipes that redirected water to Roman cities.
Aqueducts
The founder of the Achaemenid Empire.
Cyrus the Great
An undefeated Macedonian general who conquered land from Greece to India.
Alexander the Great
This north African civilization was defeated and conquered by Rome during the Punic Wars.
Carthage
The first emperor of Rome who was previously named Octavian.
Augustus
The richest city-state in Greece, which hoarded the shared wealth of the Delian League.
Athens
The blend of Greek, Egyptian, Syrian, and Persian culture.
Hellenistic Culture
The large peninsula in the southern tip of Greece where Sparta was located.
Peloppensian Peninsula
The concept of good versus evil central to Persian religion.
Dualism
The largest stadium in the Roman Empire, capable of accommodating over 150,000 spectators.
Circus Maximus
In the Achaemenid Empire, satrapies functioned as these regional divisions.
Provinces
Ancient civilization located on the island of Crete, whose religion, art, and architecture influenced classical Greek culture.
Minoans
While the Western Roman Empire fell in 476 CE, the eastern portion would last another 1,000 years under this new name.
Byzantine Empire
A period of instability in which the Gallic and Palmyrene Empires broke away from Rome.
Imperial Crisis
Greek city-states established these along the Mediterranean Sea in order to gain access to new resources and wealth.
Colonies
A minority elite group of the Roman population who controlled the majority of the government.
Patricians