Political/Social Structure
What did provinces do/represent in China/Qianlong's rule?
a.) they were just political families, didn't have a big impact on community
b.) the provinces were 3 political families that controlled separate sections of the Qing dynasty
c.) political families that had more control over their areas then Qianlong did
EWT
b.) the provinces were 3 political families that controlled separate sections of the Qing dynasty
Although the provinces did have influence and showed the emperors great power and control over China they DID NOT have more control then the emperor
EWT
What was the group of licensed Chinese merchants that foreign merchants were required to operate through in the Canton system called?
The Cohong
(Sofia)
What were 2 challenges that the Chinese military faced (that led to their defeat in various military conflicts)?
1. Lack of technological innovation
2. Outdated military structure
3. Prolonged internal instability
4. Lack of funding
(Kira)
Which conflict did Heshen prolong to bolster his bank account?
White Lotus Rebellion (Ben)
What was the goal of the British in the Lord Macartney Embassy?
Great Britain was looking to sell their goods to China. They were also looking to open China to trade.
How could someone move up in social standings if they were apart of the lower class (ex. peasants, merchants, beggars )
a.) they couldn't
b.) they worked their way up
c.) the civil service exam
EWT
c.) the civil service exam
The only way for a person of the lower class to really move up in rank and regard is to take the civil service exam. ( HARD to pass and was NOT common ). This allowed China to use an meritocratic ideal, in theory allowing men from most social standings to be in positions of power based on their talents and intelligence rather than them being born into it.
EWT
Identify two policies of the Canton system. (What policies did foreign merchants have to operate under)
- Limited foreign trade to Canton (Guangzhou)
- Restricted foreigners to only trade within the "Thirteen Factories" district within Canton.
- Required foreign merchants to only trade through the Cohong.
- Foreigners required to live in Macau.
- Foreign merchants required to pay heavy taxes to Chinese government (through the Cohong).
(Sofia)
What system was used to organize and run the Chinese military? What was it called and/or how did it work?
The 8 Banner System organized the army into distinct military divisions: payment and pensions were awarded in a hierarchical caste.
(Kira)
What was Heshen's occupation before being noticed and promoted by Emperor Qianlong?
Imperial bodyguard (Ben)
What strategically gathered gifts did the British give to the Emperor in tribute? And why?
-Mathematical instruments
-Wedgewood pottery
-Window and plate glass
-Carpets
-Telescope
British hoped to sell these goods to China.
In the following essay question, what does the command term “examine” mean?
Examine the challenges faced by the Qing dynasty by the end of the 19th century (address 18th century)
Used when a concept is being addressed or where there is a clear inter-relationship of factors.
For example, “Examine the economic developments in Spain in the 1930s” means you start by examining the economic developments and then consider how these impacted social and political developments.
You have to focus on the inter-relationships of developments - economic, social, political, etc. so finding the themes of the challenges and comparing them.
(AH)
Identify 3-4 topics that you would in brainstorming the following essay prompt:
Examine the challenges faced by the Qing dynasty by the end of the 19th century (address 18th century)
Brainstorm (include internal and external challenges)
Western trade missions
Weak emperors (for example, Jiaqing, Qianlong's son)
The treaties of the Opium Wars
Opium
There was corruption in all of the officials
Large amounts of corruption from Heshen who prolonged the White Lotus Rebellion
Qianlong spent tons on luxury goods and much on his military campaigns
Strong poverty due to increasing population without increase land
(AH)
Categorize brainstormed reasons for the following essay prompt (identify 2-3):
Examine the challenges faced by the Qing dynasty by the end of the 19th century (address 18th century)
Administrative problems
Corruption
Decline of Manchus and the Bannermen
Financial problems
Population increase
Failure of the scholars
Weakening of the Emperor
Opium Wars
(AH)
What does the command term “evaluate” mean in the essay prompt below?
Evaluate the impact of the reign of the Qianlong Emperor on China.
You must identify and analyze the strength and limitations or success and failures or positives and negatives of the claim made in the prompt, or for example, a policy or development or individual.
The key idea is that you don’t just describe the impacts, you have to have an argument (for example, claiming what the most significant impact is).
(AH)
Based on the following essay prompt:
Evaluate the impact of the reign of the Qianlong Emperor on China.
Which of the following would NOT be an impact of the reign of the Qianlong Emperor of China?
A) The weakening of the Qing Dynasty
B) Financial loss from the Ten Campaigns
C) Ending the White Lotus Rebellion
D) The creation of the Canton System
C) Ending the White Lotus Rebellion
(AH)
Who was the middle class in the Qianlong rule?
A.) Peasants, artisans, workers, merchants
B.) Actors
C.) Beggars, prostitutes
D.) No middle class
EWT
D.) No middle class
There were some who were viewed higher like peasants compared to merchants but for the most part if you were in the lower class you were there for life and not highly regarded.
EWT
How did the Chinese land tax of 1770 contrast with a following Chinese land tax in 1776?
The Chinese land tax of 1770 was issued for emperor Qianlong’s 60th birthday, declared there to be no land tax in 1770 for all of China. In contrast, the land tax in 1776 was costly in order for the Qing dynasty to pay for wars with Burma & put down internal rebellion / secret societies.
(Sofia)
Which 2 European nations set up trade ports in Taiwan in the 1600s?
The Netherlands had a trade port in South Taiwan, and Spain opened a trade port in North Taiwan.
(Kira)
Which internal challenges did the Qing dynasty face by 1800? Name 3.
Administrative problems/Corruption/Decline of the Manchus and bannermen/Financial problems/population increase/failure of the scholars/weakening of the Emperor (Ben)
What were the British requests to China?
-More trading ports (Chusan, Ningpo, Tientsin)
-Warehouse in Beijing for merchants selling goods
-an unfortified island for the British merchants to live and have goods stored.
-Freedom of movement between Macau and Canton.
-Publish imperial tariffs
Why are the provinces helpful for the emperor?
a.) they aren't they are just a check to take advantage of if the emperor loses the mandate of heaven
b.) they control different departments like ( war, work, punishment) and made sure the people in there province abides the set rules
EWT
b.) they control different departments like (war, work, punishment) and made sure the people in there province abides the set rules
The provinces have different departments that help regulate government by passing his emperors control through others.
( This can also be a check for the emperor if they are weak because the province leaders will overthrow and take the mandate of heaven but they still were useful to the emperor and had a role in Qianlong's rule)
EWT
Identify two of the effects of the 10 Great Campaigns on China
- Significant economic and / or military expense
- Solidification of Chinese border
- Expansion of Chinese border and China’s sphere of influence
- Rise in secret societies / rebellions
(Sofia)
Who took over Taiwan in 1683 and/or who did they overthrow?
The Qing dynasty overthrew the Ming loyalists who had moved to Taiwan after the Ming dynasty was overthrown.
(Kira)
Which factors led to the decline of the bannermen? Name 2.
Corruption cut their finances/Bannermen became lazy and unskilled/Preferential treatment towards Manchu bannermen and the elite (Ben)
What were the key points of Emperor Qianlong's response to King George III?
China stated that it was insulting that Lord Macartney refused to kowtow to show tribute; this was one of the reasons he rejected the requests. Emperor Qianlong threatened the Westerners if they continued to follow the trading policy.