Define it!
A condition that involves higher blood glucose levels than normal
Hyperglycemia
DM symptom that is a consequence of cellular malnourishment when insulin prevents the body's ability to use glucose
Polyphagia
Released from the pancreatic beta cells and facilitates glucose transport from the bloodstream across the cell membrane to cytoplasm of cell
Insulin
What is a hemoglobin A1c test?
A blood test that measures a patient's average blood sugar (sugar attached to hemoglobin) over the past 2/3 months
At which prestigious university was Insulin first discovered?
University of Toronto
Types of this disease include Autoimmune Type 1A, Idiopathic Type 1B and Type 2
Diabetes Mellitus (DM)
Protein and fat catabolism can lead to this common symptom of DM
Weight loss
Hormones that work to oppose the effects of insulin
Counter-regulatory hormones (glucagon, epinephrine, cortisol)
Percentage of hemoglobin A1C which indicates that an individual has diabetes
> 6.5%
The most affected groups of people by this type of diabetes are of African and Asian descent.
Idiopathic Type 1B
Diabetes subtype that has predisposition related to human leukocyte antigens (HLAs) DR3 and DR4
Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus
Sweet smelling breath,polydipsia, polyuria, dehydration, and ketones present in urine
Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA)
Administered by IM or SQ injection to stimulate the liver to convert glycogen to glucose
Glucagon
The fasting plasma glucose (FPG) which indicates that the individual has diabetes
Greater than or equal to 7.0mmol/L
Before human biosynthetic insulin, where was insulin withdrawn from?
Derived from the pancreas of cows and pigs
A condition that does not present with typical diabetes symptoms, but is associated with long-term heart and blood vessel damage that may put a client at risk for DM
Pre-diabetes
Causes high blood glucose levels, increased serum osmolarity, and neurological manifestations such as coma, seizures, hemiparesis and aphasia
Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic State (HHS)
Which phenomenon is described: hyperglycemia present on awakening in the morning, counter-regulatory hormones in the pre-dawn hours
Dawn phenomenon
Abnormal lab value for fasting plasma glucose (FPG) which indicates that the individual has impaired fasting glucose (IFG)
6.1-6.9 mmol/L
Inhaled Insluin is a new form of Insulin distribution which has been in discussion over the recent years. Despite this why has it not been made commercial?
Inhaled Insulin runs the risk of reduced dosage due to the possibility of medication escaping into the air or remaining in the chamber when administered.
Abdominal obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia and insulin resistance are common characterizations of this condition that may put a patient at higher risk of DM
Metabolic Syndrome (insulin resistance syndrome)
Kussmaul's respirations (rapid, deep breathing associated with dyspnea) are observerd in patients with this DM complication
Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA)
What is the purpose of Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibitors
Inhibiting DDP-4, these medications slow the inactivation of incretin hormones
>1.5%
The first human to receive insulin treatment was this 14-year-old boy, who had severe diabetes and responded dramatically to the therapy.
Leonard Thompson