Introduction to cells and Biochemistry
It consists of two parts: a sugar (deoxyribose) with a phosphate group attached to it, and a base, which may be either adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), or thymine (T)
What is a nucleotide?
Special proteins that bind to partly folded polypeptide chains and help in protein folding.
What are molecular chaperones?
The protein structure that dictates how the protein will fold and function.
What is primary structure?
Describes a covalent link between the sugar and phosphate groups of adjacent nucleotides.
What is a phosphodiester bond?
An enzyme that joins two ribonucleotides together on the DNA strand and synthesizes short RNA primers in the 5' to 3' direction.
What is DNA primase?
Based on the flow of genetic information, RNA is synthesized from DNA in this process.
What is transcription?
Checkpoints during elongation that increase the efficiency of translation and ensure its accuracy.
What are elongation factors?
Genes in two separate species that derive from the same ancestral gene in the last common ancestor of those two species.
What are orthologs?
The only amino acid that prefers addition in the cis position. It is also the only amino acid in a ring structure.
What is proline?
This point is reached when the dissociation constant and the association constant are equal.
What is equilibrium?
This evolutionary force eliminates individuals in a population that carry deleterious mutations to genes necessary for survival.
What is purifying selection?
An enzyme that targets the tandem repeats of DNA sequences located at the ends of the chromosome.
What is telomerase?
rATP, rUTP, rGTP, and rCTP are the types of this transcription essential.
What are rNTPs?
This location in aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases is responsible for the removal of incorrect amino acids capable of fitting the enzyme active site.
What is the editing site?
A system of protein filaments crisscrossing the cytoplasm that gives the cell mechanical strength, controls its shape, and drives and guides its movements.
What is a cytoskeleton?
An alpha helix whose amino acid sequence results in a structure with polar and nonpolar sides.
What is an amphiphilic/sided alpha helix?
When the allosteric enzyme is bound, the active sight becomes more favorable to substrate binding.
What is positive allostery?
A structure in eukaryotic chromosomes that connects to the centromere and attaches to the mitotic spindle during mitosis.
What is the kinetochore?
A method to remove damaged DNA by catalyzing the removal of altered bases through the use of glycosylases.
What is base excision repair?
This factor, found in bacteria but not eukaryotes, is required for the RNA polymerase to recognize the gene promoters.
What is the sigma factor?
The less stringent base pairing located at the third position of the codon that accounts for the fact that a single tRNA can read more than one codon.
What is the wobble position?
Molecules that guide the synthesis of proteins according to the genetic instructions stored in the DNA.
What is mRNA?
The joining of two amino acids by the OH of the carboxyl group combining with the Hydrogen of the amino group, resulting in a peptide bond and the release of a water molecule.
What is dehydration synthesis?
This results in proteasomal degradation or the repair of DNA strands.
What is polyubiguitylation?
This domain of the histone stands out from the core and is a hot spot for covalent modifications that drive the structure and function of chromatin.
What is the amino terminal tail?
5' to 3' polymerization, 3' to 5' exonucleolytic proofreading, and strand-directed mismatch repair.
What is the steps that give high fidelity DNA synthesis?
This site contains 52 tandem repeats of 7 amino acids and coordinates post-transcriptional modifications.
What is the RNA polymerase II C-terminal domain (CTD)?
A two-step reaction catalyzed by aminoacyl tRNA synthetases that attaches amino acids to the CCA sequence at the 3' end of the tRNA.
What is tRNA charging?
Performs photosynthesis, using the energy of sunlight to synthesize carbohydrates from atmospheric carbon dioxide and water, and deliver the products to the host cell as food.
What are chloroplasts?
An infectious protein agent that triggers a normal protein in the brain to fold abnormally, resulting in protein aggregates that form amyloid fibrils.
What is a prion?
This region of a protein has many responsibilities including binding or aiding in holding other regions together. It also serves as scaffolding by holding macromolecules together so that cellular reactions can take place.
What are disordered regions?
A DNA repair error that can activate the expression of a heterochromatic sequence by translocation to a region of euchromatin.
What is position effect variegation?
A binding site for ORC, a stretch of A and T rich segments of DNA, and at least one binding site for proteins that facilitate ORC binding.
What are Eukaryotic DNA sequence requirements for replication?
The 5.8S, 18S, and 28S rRNAs are transcribed by this polymerase.
What is RNA polymerase I?
This structure is responsible for aligning the anticodons of charged tRNAs and the codons of mRNAs during protein synthesis.
What is the small ribosomal subunit?