Spirogram of Hearing
Neural Substrates of Respiratory Control
Anatomical Support Structures of Respiration
Respiratory Muscle Training
Application in the Field
100
What is tidal volume (TV)?
Amount of air inspired of expired during a normal breathing cycle
100
What is the medulla?
Brainstem structure is primarily responsible for the control of tidal breathing by generating a rhythmic breathing pattern.
100
What is the vertebrae and its function?
The structures that support the central nervous system and is used to protect the spinal cord.
100
Explain the difference between inspiratory and expiratory muscle training.
Inspiratory muscle training focuses on strengthening the muscles involved in inhalation and expiratory muscle training focuses on strengthening the muscles used in exhalation.
100
Why is knowledge about the diaphragm beneficial in day-to-day practice for speech-language pathologists?
Understanding the diaphragm is beneficial for SLPs because it plays a crucial role in adjusting pressure during changing lung volumes and promoting rapid inspirations during speech. Strengthening the respiratory system and its associated musculature can enhance speech therapy by improving the ability for correct speech breathing.
200
What is IRV and define it ?
Inspiratory Reserve Volume is the amount of air that can be inhaled above tidal volume
200
What is the dilation and stiffening of the upper airway?
Cranial nerves IX, X, and XII play part in controlling this aspect of the upper airway during inspiration to prevent collapse.
200
How is the rib cage structured, and what is its composition in terms of different types of ribs?
The rib cage is part of the bony thorax and is composed of twelve ribs. These include:
Seven true ribs, which are directly attached to the sternum.
Three false ribs, which are connected to the sternum via cartilage.
Two floating ribs, which are not attached to the sternum at all.
200
What are the 3 principle muscle physiology needed for RMT?
Resistance, repetitions, and sets.
200
How can a speech-language pathologist use knowledge of the respiratory system's dual role in breathing and speech production in their practice?
A speech-language pathologist can use this knowledge to assess and treat speech disorders by ensuring the respiratory system effectively supports speech loudness, emphasis, and clear segmentation into syllables, words, and phrases, while also maintaining healthy breathing and gas exchange.
300
Define Functional residual capacity and its formula
FRC is the amount of air that remains in the lungs and airways at the end -expiratory level. Formula for FRC is ERV+RV
300
Describe the process by which the brainstem adjusts ventilation to regulate oxygen and carbon dioxide levels in blood.
The brainstem has a network of neurons known as the central pattern generator for breathing, which reacts to variations in gas levels. Chemoreceptors give signals to the brainstem when carbon dioxide and oxygen levels rise or fall. In reaction, the brainstem transmits signals to the chest wall muscles via peripheral neurons, causing breathing to be adjusted and so managing gas levels.
300
This muscle plays a crucial role in inspiration by contracting and creating a vacuum to draw air into the lungs
The diaphragm
300
What are some activities that can benefit from respiratory muscle training?
Speaking, swallowing, breathing, speech production and coughing.
300
How does a thorough understanding of the four lung volumes and the four lung capacities increase the capacity of an SLP in clinical practice?
Apart from allowing for a more accurate diagnosis for treating different speech and voice disorders, knowledge of normal ranges of lung capacities and volumes is essential for identifying abnormalities and developing effective treatment plans to restore “normal” levels.
400
What is TV+IRV+ERV+RV?
Total lung capacity, total amount of air that the lungs can hold. On average this amount is 6000 mL.
400
How can external stimuli and cognitive/emotional states influence tidal breathing?
External stimuli, such as visual and auditory inputs, can influence breathing patterns. Cognitive tasks, such as mental arithmetic, as well as emotional states like excitement or fear, can have a major impact on respiration. For example, cognitive awareness of breathing can alter its rhythm, whereas emotions might result in hyperventilation or chaotic breathing. The brain's cortical and limbic areas mediate these influences.
400
What are the 3 layers of intercostal muscles and what is their function?
The internal, external, and innermost intercostal muscles. The internal intercostal muscle helps with forced exhalation. The external intercostal muscle is responsible for forced inhalation. And the innermost intercostal muscle works with the internal intercostal muscle to help with forced exhalation.
400
What muscles are targeted during RMT?
The diaphragm and the intercostal muscles.
400
List the muscles of the abdominal wall and explain why it's important for speech-language pathologists (SLPs) to know them?
The muscles of the abdominal wall include the rectus abdominis, external oblique, internal oblique, and transversus abdominis at the front, and the latissimus dorsi, lateral iliocostalis lumborum, and quadratus at the back. It's important for SLPs to know these muscles because they play a significant role in breathing control and support, which are important for speech production. Understanding how these muscles work can help SLPs develop effective strategies for improving speech clarity and strength.
500
Label this graph
A. IRV- Inspiratory reserve volume
B. TV- Tidal Volume
C. ERV- Expiratory Reserve Volume
D. RV- Residual volume
E. TLC- Total lung capacity
F. IC- Inspiratory capacity
G. FRC- Functional residual capacity
H. VC- Vital capacity
500
What are the fundamental functions of the brainstem and higher brain areas in controlling respiration, and how do they differ?
Tidal breathing is controlled by the brainstem, primarily the medulla, which generates a rhythmic pattern and regulates gas levels in the arterial blood. Higher brain areas regulate certain breathing behaviors, such as voluntary breath-holding or mindful breathing exercises.
500
Label each structure of the rib cage and explain its role in the respiration process.
12 Ribs: True Ribs (1-7) are directly attached to the sternum, which facilitates thoracic expansion. False Ribs (8-10) are connected to the sternum via cartilage, it provides flexibility and support during breathing. The floating Ribs (11-12) are not attached to the sternum, and it offers additional protection and flexibility.
Sternum: Is the central attachment point for the ribs, providing structural stability and expansion and contraction during inhalation and exhalation.
Clavicle: Serves as an attachment point for muscles involved in respiration, which can include the sternocleidomastoid and pectoralis major, and help in elevating the rib cage during inhalation.
Manubrium: The upper part of the sternum connecting with the clavicle and the first pair of ribs, serves as a point of attachments that elevate the rib cage during deep breathing.
Sternum: Main part of the sternum to which most ribs are attached via costal cartilage, supporting rib cage structural integrity and facilitating efficient respiratory movements.
Xiphoid Process: A small cartilaginous process at the bottom of the sternum, serving as an attachment point for the diaphragm, which is considered the primary muscle of respiration.
Costal Cartilage: Connects the ribs to the sternum, allowing flexibility and expansion of the rib cage to increase thoracic cavity volume during respiration.
500
What are some disorders that can cause respiratory dysfunction?
To just name a few, some disorders are dysphagia, dysarthria, voice disorders, weak cough, shortness of breath, etc.
500
Label the diagram and describe why it is important for a speech-language pathologist to know about the pulmonary airways.
A. Lungs, B. Trachea, C. Primary Bronchus, D. Secondary Bronchi, E. Tertiary Bronchi. The pulmonary airways are important for SLP’s to know when helping their patients improve their communication abilities while managing any respiratory issues present.