Cells and Biochemistry
Sugars, Fatty Acids, Amino Acids, and Nucleotides.
What are the four families of organic molecules?
Peptide bonds are formed by this type of reaction
What is dehydration synthesis?
Proteins that are produced by the immune system in response to foreign molecules.
What are antibodies?
A base, a sugar, and a phosphate backbone together form this molecule
What is DNA?
The DNA daughter strand that is synthesized continuously.
What is the Leading Strand?
A hydroxyl group is found on the 2' carbon of this structural RNA molecule
What is a ribose sugar ?
The set of 3 nucleotides that pair with the complementary codon in the mRNA protein.
What is an anticodon?
A metabolic biosynthetic process that uses energy to build ordered structures from small building blocks.
What is anabolism?
The secondary level structure that runs parallel or anti-parallel and likely contains branched and aromatic amino acids
What are beta pleated sheets?
The measure of binding strength between a ligand and antibody at equilibrium.
What is equilibrium constant (K)?
DNA base pairing between purines and pyrimidines are complementarily held together via this bond
What is a hydrogen bond?
A process where identical DNA sequences that are typically at the same location on two separate chromosomes are exchanged between sister chromatids or homologs.
What is Homologous Recombination?
The protein subunit that RNA polymerase needs to recognize bacterial gene promoters.
What is sigma factor?
This is responsible for the core structure of the ribosome, it is also responsible for the catalytic activity that forms peptide bonds during translation.
What is rRNA?
A scientific research technique where mutations are introduced into known genes, and the traits that are altered by those changes are documented.
What is reverse genetics?
This functional tertiary structure folds independently of the rest of the protein and most protein-protein interaction occurs here
What is a domain?
When a product of an enzyme cascade binds to an earlier enzyme to either promote or inhibit the continuation of the cascade.
What is feedback regulation?
The chemical differences in these linkages, between the 5' carbon of one sugar and the 3' carbon of the other, guide the polarity of the DNA strand
What are ester linkages?
These are DNA nucleic acid sequences that can change their location in the genome which typically leads to a mutation.
What are transposable elements?
The modifications at ends of a eukaryotic mRNA during transcription.
What are Capping of the 5`end and polyadenylation of the 3`end?
These proteins, many of which are referred to as heat-shock proteins, aid in the correct folding of newly synthesized polypeptides.
What are molecular chaperones?
An evolutionary process when two, or more, genes break and rearrange themselves, thus producing hybrid genes.
What is DNA segment shuffling?
The amine group of an amino acid forms this type of bond with the carboxyl group of another amino acid 4 residues earlier in the alpha helix sequence
What is a hydrogen bond?
When binding occurs at an allosteric site, creating a more favorable active site.
What is positive allostery?
Chemical modifications to lysine residues of histone proteins that serve to either upregulate or downregulate DNA transcription of a particular gene
What are acetylation and methylation?
This is a mechanism that repairs double stranded DNA breaks by linking DNA strands together without regards to the homology of the sequence.
What is non homologous end joining?
This interacts with snRNAs to form specific base pairing interactions with the pre-mRNA.
What is snRNP?
This enzyme is unique to each amino acid and uses a 2 step reaction driven by ATP hydrolysis to attach an amino acid to the 3' end of tRNA
What is an aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase?
This occurs when the energy that is released from a spontaneous reaction can be used to activate a nonspontaneous reaction.
What is coupling?
These fives amino acids are commonly found in alpha helices
What are Leucine, Glutamine, Alanine, Methionine and Lysine?
The substrate binding arm in SCF ubiquitin ligase that is interchangeable and binds to a specific site on target proteins.
What is F-box protein?
A chromosomal DNA molecule contains these three important general nucleotide sequences
What are telomeres, replication origins, and centromeres?
The mechanism by which Bacteriophage lamda (bacterial virus) can move in and out of host chromosome.
What is an example of conservative site - specific recombination?
This transcription factor phosphorylates serine residues located at the c-terminal domain along RNA polymerase II.
What is TFIIH?
This aids in the translocation of the small subunit to realign the E, P, and A sites so they are ready for the binding of the next amino acylated tRNA.
What is the elongation factor Ef-G?