The History of Darwin
What is title of Darwin's most famous book?
On the Origin of Species
What groundbreaking idea did Copernicus' Revolutions of The Heavenly Spheres assert?
The sun, rather than the earth, was the center of our planetary system.
Define Superfecundity
The tendency of organisms to produce more offspring than can possibly survive
What is the difference between genotype and phenotype?
A genotype is the genes the organism carries and the phenotype is the characteristics they display because of the genes.
What are the four main forces of evolution?
mutation, gene flow, genetic drift, natural selection
What is the continent that Darwin was initially sent to explore?
South America
What did Newton call his new form of observation and data collection?
Natural Philosophy later "science"
What is the name of the scientist who coined the terms 'gene' and 'mutation'?
DeVries
What is the Hardy-Weinberg equation?
p+q=1
What type of mutation occurs when segments swap places on different chromosomes?
Translocation mutation
What is the title of Darwin's first book?
Voyage of the Beagle
What is methodological materialism/naturalism?
The best way to learn about nature is to stay within the realm of nature. Since nature deals with matter and energy, theories should be based off of the workings of both.
What is the name of the concept that was the basis for evolutionary thinking among individuals such as Erasmus Darwin, Robert Grant and Baptiste Lamarck?
Transmutation
What animal was commonly used to make genetic discoveries?
generational, bottle neck, founder effect
What is the career Darwin was forced to pursue after being pulled out of school for the second time?
Clergy member
What are the three levels of science?
Primary, secondary, and tertiary, which corresponds to core inferences, mechanisms, and hypotheses.
What is the main difference between transmutation and variational evolution?
the transmutationist view involves organisms transforming little by little into the next species whereas variational evolution entails some offspring surviving into the next generation and others not surviving.
Name 3 of the 5 Hardy-Weinberg paramters.
1. No mutations
2. Infinitely large population
3. No gene flow
4. Random Mating
5. No selection
Does natural selection increase or decrease variation within a population?
decrease
What is the name of the species Darwin discovered during his time with his former biology teacher, Robert Grant?
Flustra
What are the six "hallmarks of science"?
That it uses only natural explanations; prefers reductionist explanations; addresses "how", rather than "why"; is testable; is correctible; is extendable.
What is the difference between 'soft' and 'hard' inheritance?
Soft inheritance = non-DNA based variations and developmentally induced variations in DNA
Hard inheritance = transfer of genes and their respective traits to the subsequent generation in an unaltered form
What are 3 complementary forces of evolution to the hardy-weinberg assumptions?
1. Genetic Drift
2. Gene Flow
3. Mutation
4. Natural Selection
5. Nonrandom Mating
New species form primarily due to what?
an accumulation of genetic differences