Group
People in regular contact with one another
Share ways of thinking, feeling, or behaving
Take one another’s behavior into account
One of more interests or goals in common
Group
People who share a characteristic
(high school seniors)
Social Category
Individuals or groups combine their efforts to reach the same goals
Cooperation
behavior that fails to meet norms
Negative Devance
Says that deviance occurs when there is a gap between goals and a way of obtaining them; People respond with innovation, ritualism, retreatism, or rebellion
Strain Theory
Exclusive group demanding loyalty
In group
People temporarily in same place at the same time
(at a concert)
Social Aggregate
Groups or individuals work against one another; Defeating the opponent is essential
Conflict
over conformity to norms (perfectionism)
Positive Deviance
Conformity depends on presence of strong bonds between individuals and society
Control Theory
Group targeted by an in-group for opposition or competition
Out Group
Deliberately created to achieve long term goals
Formal Organization
Voluntary action performed in the expectation of getting a reward
Social Exchange
Reducing the seriousness of the crimes that harm people of lower status
Victim Discounting
Deviance is transmitted through socialization in the same way non deviant behavior is learned
Symbolic Interactionism
People who are emotionally close
Have primary relationships that are intimate, personal, caring, and fulfilling
Primary Group
DAILY DOUBLE: Formal organizations based on rationality and efficiency; Effective in industrial societies
Bureaucracy
Opposite of social exchange; Involuntary cooperation (forced)
Coercion
Daily Double: Punishment that makes criminals pay compensation for their acts
Retribution
Emphasizes the role of primary groups in transmitting deviance
DAT
Impersonal and goal oriented
Includes secondary relationships (ex.: employer, employee)
May become ineffective
Secondary Group
comes up with the idea of bureaucracies; says they are good because decision makers are based on qualifications
Max Weber
Matches group expectations ; Gives us norms and social structure
Conformity
“Protecting society” from criminals by keeping them in prison
Incarceration
Explains why deviance is relative and identifies only certain members as deviant
Labeling Theory