Connective Tissue
This is the most abundant protein in the body and provides high tensile strength.
What is collagen?
This is the most abundant type of cartilage and has a bluish-white, glassy appearance.
What is hyaline cartilage?
This type of ossification forms bone from a cartilage template.
What is enochondral ossification?
This region of the sarcomere shortens during contraction, while the A band remains the same length.
What is the I band?
During differentiation, myoblasts withdraw from the cell cycle and fuse to form this multinucleated structure.
What is a myotube?
These are the most abundant fixed cells in connective tissue proper.
What are fibroblasts?
Unlike bone, cartilage lacks this feature.
What is vascular supply?
This type of ossification forms bone directly from the mesenchyme wihtout cartilage.
What is intramembraneous ossification?
These regulatory proteins bind calcium, causing a conformational change that shifts tropomyosin to allow actin-myosin interaction
What is the troponin complex?
This stage of myogenesis is characterized by up-regulation of muscle-specific genes and permanent withdrawal from the cell cycle.
What is differentiation?
This component of connective tissue is fluid or gel like and contains proteoglycans such as chondroitin sulfate.
What is ground substance?
The basic structural unit of compact bone is called this.
What is an osteon?
Programmed, non-inflammatory cell death is called this.
What is apoptosis?
Muscle hypertrophy increases fiber diameter primarily through this process.
What is addition of myofibrils?
These transcription factors (MRFs) determine mesodermal stem cells to become myoblasts.
What are MyoD and Myf5?
This type of connective tissue has densley packed, parallel collagen fibers and is found in tendons and ligaments.
What is dense regular connective tissue?
These small channels connect osteocytes and allow nutrient diffusion.
What are canaliculi?
This structure is responsible for the lengthening of long bones.
What is the epiphyseal growth plate?
When this growth factor’s receptor is not activated, myoblasts continue proliferating, leading to increased muscle growth and hyperplasia.
What is myostatin?
This process allows mononucleated myoblasts to combine their membranes and cytoplasm to form multinucleated muscle fibers.
What is myoblast fusion?
This enzyme is responsible for cross-link formation that stabilizes collagen fibers.
What is lysyl oxidase?
These multinucleated cells are respnsible for bone resoption.
What are osteoclasts?
In this zone of the growth plate, chondrocytes proliferate and flatten.
What is the proliferating zone?
This ATP-dependent protein degradation system tags proteins for destruction with ubiquitin before breaking them down in a proteasome.
What is the ubiquitin-proteasome system?
During fetal development, animals typically form 5-20 times more of these fibers compared to primary fibers, making them the major contributor to total muscle fiber number.
What are secondary (2°) muscle fibers?