Anatomy
The lower kidney.
What is the right kidney?
Contraindications to contrast studies of the kidneys. (Name at least 3)
Hypersensitivity to iodinated contrast media.
Anuria.
Multiple myeloma.
Diabetes (mellitus).
Severe hepatic or renal disease.
Congestive heart failure.
Pheochromocytoma.
Sickle cell anemia.
Renal failure, acute or chronic.
The anatomy that a cystogram focuses on.
What is the urinary bladder?
The kidney and ureter best observed in an LPO.
What are the right kidney and left ureter?
The two parts of a complete ionic contrast molecule.
What are cations and anions.
All 6 parts of the urinary system.
What are 2 kidneys, 2 ureters, 1 urinary bladder, and 1 urethra?
Term used to describe a congenital anomaly where one or both kidneys are positioned in an unusual area.
What is an ectopic kidney?
Ureteric compression special projection during an IVU purpose.
What allows for keeping contrast in the proximal ureters and renal pelvis for a longer duration.
CR for AP cystogram.
Name CR of AP axial for double points.
What is CR 2" superior to pubic symphysis?
AP Axial: Same as AP but 10–15-degree caudal angle.
Type of contrast that can cause pain at the injection site or fluid retention.
What is high osmolality/ ionic contrast.
The aspect in which the distal ureter enters the urinary bladder.
What is the posterior aspect?
The three locations in the ureters where stones tend to get stuck. (Name at least 2)
What are the ureteropelvic junction, pelvic brim, and ureterovesical junction (UV)?
The two functional exams we learned.
What are the intravenous urogram (IVU) and voiding cystourethrogram (VCUG)?
CR for left lateral cystogram.
What is 2" superior and posterior to symphysis pubis?
Common side effects of contrast media.
Approximate number of nephrons in each kidney.
What is 1-2 million?
The projection used to see abnormal position change of the kidneys.
All images required in an IVU exam.
What are:
1 minute nephrogram,
5 minute AP supine KUB,
10-15 minute AP supine KUB,
20 minute RPO and LPO,
and a PA prone or erect postvoid image.
IVU postvoid CR for a hypersthenic patient.
What is at MSP and 1" below crest?
Normal BUN and/or creatinine ranges in adults.
What are 0.6-1.5 mg/dL (creatinine) and/or 7-25mg/100mL (BUN)?
The proximal portion of each nephron collecting filtrate.
What is the Glomerular (Bowman) capsule?
Term for the abnormal uterine morphology from the powerpoint.
What is a bicornuate or Septate/subseptate uterus.
The textbook suggested protocol for an HSG.
What is an AP scout, AP post injection, and LPO and/or RPO?
Patient position during a retrograde urography exam.
What is the lithotomy position?
Moderate contrast media reactions. (Name 3)
What are: urticaria, laryngeal swelling, bronchospasm, tachycardia (BP > 100bpm), bradycardia (BP < 60bpm), hypotension?