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Topic Questions
Mayan Culture
Culture Terminology
Community Health Nursing
Exam Questions
100
A cultural nursing assessment typically includes...
Identify beliefs, values, meanings, and behaviors of people while considering their history, life experiences, and the social and physical environments in which they live.
100
How many different Mayan languages are represented in the Mayan population? And also give one current key grievance in terms of their political climate?
30 languages. -- Protection -- Redistribution / access to land -- Wages and working conditions -- Underrepresented in political, judicial, civil, educational, and medical systems
100
A term that applies to all groups of people where there are common values and ways of thinking and acting that differ from those of another group. Some examples are based on gender, sexual orientation, geographic locations, physical and mental health challenges, religion, age, race, and ethnicity. ** (Stanhope & Lancaster, 2011, pp. 187) **
What is culture?
100
A nurse is a member of an international aid group that is sending supplies to a country where a hurricane has occurred. Which of the following supplies would be most important to send to the area? a. Bandages and antiseptics b. Bottled water c. Oral antibiotics d. Prepackaged high-calorie food
B – contaminated water occurs quickly in disaster areas due to lack of sanitation and hygiene practices. Disease such as dysentery and cholera occur from drinking contaminated water. Clean water is also necessary for cleansing of wounds. Water purification tablets will also be required.
100
A nurse working in a long-term care facility includes a spiritual assessment as a regular part of the admission process for new clients. Which of the following questions would be most appropriate when initiating a spiritual assessment? a. “What is your religion?” b. “Would you like to have the chaplain visit you?” c. “What is your source of strength when you face challenging situations?” d. “Do you participate in any spiritual practices we should know about?”
C – Spirituality is unique to each adult. All people are considered to be spiritual whether or not they have a religious affiliation. This question would be appropriate as an initial question that could lead to gathering more specific information about the client’s belief system.
200
How might the Mayan ethnomedical view of symptoms differs from the biomedical model?
Mayans believe that each symptom has its own cause, whereas biomedical models believe that symptoms are indicative of a disease.
200
What are some potential cultural treatments that are practiced by a specialty Mayan healer? Keep in mind medications are sparse.
The use of medicinal plants, minerals, vegetable oils, animal fats, "popular" chemical remedies, rites, prayers and offerings, secrets, sweat houses, massages, breathing exercises, and manual reduction of fractures or dislocations.
200
An ongoing process whereby a health care provider respects, accepts, and applies knowledge and skill appropriate to the client interactions without allowing one’s personal beliefs to influence the client’s different views. **(Stanhope & Lancaster, 2011, pp. 199, 201-203)**
What is cultural competence?
200
Identify the barriers to providing culturally competent care...
Stereotyping Prejudice Racism Ethnocentrism Cultural Shock
200
4) A nurse is the clinical preceptor for Wai, a forgeign-educated nurse. The nurse notices that Wai does not look her clients in the eye and does not introduce herself to her clients. What should the nurse say to Wai? a. “In Canada, we introduce ourselves to clients.” b. “It is considered rude in Canada not to look people in the eye.” c. “Why don't you look your clients in the eye or introduce yourself?” d. “The next time we go into a client’s room, lets make sure we introduce ourselves.”
D – communicating directly may appear to be aggressive and insensitive to the foreign-trained nurse. This approach is supportive and culturally respectful.
300
How could a nurse demonstrate cultural responsiveness?
In the scenario, attending the orientation from the NGO to learn about the Mayan community is a great way to learn about the situation before entering it. After, working with the interdisciplinary team as much as possible and learning from the locals and the interpreter about their health practises and culture, and also teaching them about health practises from your own culture that could possibly work.
300
Describe the community/housing situation in Guatemala..
They live in communities organized around central villages, which may be permanently occupied. But more commonly these are occupied by community centres with public buildings and houses that generally stand vacant; the people of the community live on farm homesteads except during fiestas and markets.
300
Gaining an understanding of others health beliefs and practices so that ones’ actions demonstrate working toward equity and the avoidance of discrimination by recognition and respect for cultural identity so that a power balance exists between the health care provider and client. ** (Stanhope & Lancaster, 2011, pp. 206) **
What is cultural safety?
300
A registered nurse at City Hospital is a certified Reiki therapist. A client, Olga, has asked the nurse to practice Reiki on her as she recovers from breast cancer. The nurse is well informed and experienced with Reiki in her native Germany. 9) What is the nurse’s responsibility in this situation? a. Therapies such as Reiki are controversial, and the nurse must not practice Reiki in an accredited hospital b. The nurse may practice Reiki within her role as an RN as she is fully competent, and Olga has made an informed and legitimate request c. The nurse may practice Reiki at City Hospital but only after her assigned shift and not as part of her RN duties d. The nurse may practice Reiki but only after Olga is discharged from hospital
B – Reiki is a complementary therapy. Such therapies may be integrated into the scope of professional practice provided that the practitioners have the requisite knowledge, skill and competency; the client has made an informed decision; and it is sanctioned by agency policies and procedures.
300
An international health coalition group visits an impoverished country. The group consists of a physician epidemiologist, a local community health worker, a public health nurse and a paramedic. During the visit, an earthquake occurs a short distance away. Numerous casualties are being reported, and aid is requested to triage the victims. Of the people on the task force, as the disaster planning leader who is the best health care worker to send to the area for triage? a. The nurse b. The physician c. The local community health care worker d. The paramedic
D- the paramedic is trained in triage and emergency first aid. It is within the scope of practice for the paramedic to provide appropriate care to casualty victims. (Nurse, LCHCW and physician do not necessarily have emergency triage training).
400
What are some possible priorities as well as strategies for health initiatives to combat health care issues in Guatemala?
The priorities include HIV/AIDS, TB, Malaria, Maternal Health, Child Health, Nutrition, Family Planning and Reproductive Health, Neglected Tropical Diseases, and Health System Strengthening. The actions include "family planning" and "obstetric nurse training, "water and sanitation", "maternal education, " and "Indigenous focus." **(The United States Global Health Initiative: Guatemala Strategy, 2010, p.24)**
400
List the health model of healers and physicians that you as a nurse could potentially have to work alongside with or consult with in Guatemala?
1) Chayeros (Mayan physician in charge of healing physical ailments related to the circulation of the blood, veins swelling in feet and hands) 2) Indigenous midwives 3) Healers 4) Blowers 5) Bone-setters 6) Spiritual guides 7) Chieftains 8) Priests and priestesses 9) Wise men and women
400
List and describe the 3 phases that occur in cultural transition.
1) Separation (the displacement of the client from their origin culture/culture of identity) 2) Liminality (occurs after the move to a new environment/culture. This is when the reality of living in a new society becomes manifest, and the client has to deal with changes to their life) 3) Integration (this is when the individual adjusts/adapts to living in a new culture, and also involves incorporating the new culture into their self) ** Baird, M. (2012). Well-being in refugee women experiencing cultural transition. Advances In Nursing Science, 35(3), 249-263. **
400
Discuss the levels of prevention in regards to Guatemala population...
Primary - health information on immunization and health literacy of client. Secondary - screening (diet or water sanitation) to determine programs to be provided to increase health literacy. Tertiary - establish community programs and services to meet the needs of client requiring culturally appropriate teaching about health rehabilitation.
400
A registered nurse works at a community clinic where most of the clients are from countries other than Canada. In caring for these multi-ethnic clients, what is the most important principle that the nurse should follow? a. The client is the primary source of data b. Family members should always be included in care c. Health beliefs and practices of clients may be different from those of the nurse d. Culturally sensitive care may be provided only if the nurse has knowledge of the culture
A- Each client should be treated as an individual regardless of any aspect of diversity.
500
What are some health challenges within the Guatemala health care system?
-- Inequitable development of health models -- Reducing discrimination and racism -- Improving social distribution of wealth -- Increasing the budget allocated to the Ministry of Health -- Reducing rural and indigenous poverty level -- Reducing children malnutrition -- Increase basic health service coverage -- Improving health information systems
500
List the 6 principles of Mayan healing?
1. Life energy from divine source that can be directed to where it is needed. 2. No separation between physical and spiritual realms. 3. Recognition of natural cycles and veneration of plants – healers have special relationships with plants, they talk with the plants and the plants choose them. 4. Recognition that healing is an integrative, comprehensive approach with everybody, including the healer, the patient, spirits, plants, etc. working together to bring about the healing—no single component more important than the other. 5. Status of the blood (imbalance) is determined by pulses. 6. Principle of hot and cold – hot diseases are treated by cold plants vice versa. ** Fedyniak, L.V. (2014). Medicine of the ancient Maya. Vitality: Health and wellness/Natural Therapies/Herbal Medicine. Retrieved from http://vitalitymagazine.com/article/medicine-of-the-ancient-maya/ **
500
List the 6 key aspects surrounding cultural competence? *Hint = KAUSIS
1) Cultural Awareness (self-examination and in-depth exploration of ones’ own beliefs) 2) Cultural Knowledge (information about the organizational elements of diverse cultures) 3) Cultural Understanding (continuous reflections on the effects of culture on clients) 4) Cultural Sensitivity (being able to appreciate, respect, and value diversity) 5) Cultural Interaction (verbal and non-verbal communication between different cultures) 6) Cultural Skill (the effective integration of cultural awareness and knowledge to meet the needs of culturally diverse clients) **(Stanhope & Lancaster, 2011, pp. 201-203)**
500
Which determinants of health have relevance to the Guatemala culture? How would you implement health promotion strategies to strengthen the Guatemala community action, develop their personal skills and reorientate health services while maintaining culture sensitivity?
Social Support Healthy Child Development Biological and Genetic Endowment Employment and Working Conditions Education and Literacy Physical Environment Socio-Environment Health Services Individual Health Practices and Coping Skills Gender Income and Social Status Culture
500
A public health nurse participates in a task force for a charity that provides health care to an impoverished community in another country. The task force realizes that success of health care programs depends primarily on which of the following factors? a. Consultation with local stakeholders b. Fundraising capabilities c. Commitment of volunteers d. Public awareness
A – Local stakeholders know their community and what strategies the community will accept.