Fluid and Electrolytes
This electrolyte is most abundant intracellularly and critical for muscle and nerve function.
What is potassium (K⁺)?
This type of fluid shift occurs when fluid moves from the intravascular space to the interstitial space.
What is third spacing?
This is the primary cause of ketoacidosis in DKA patients.
What is insulin deficiency?
DI is characterized by the inability to concentrate urine due to deficiency of this hormone.
What is antidiuretic hormone (ADH)?
SIADH causes this electrolyte imbalance due to water retention.
What is hyponatremia?
Normal serum sodium range in mEq/L.
135-145mEq
This lab value may appear falsely low in cases of significant fluid overload.
What is hematocrit?
The classic triad of DKA symptoms includes hyperglycemia, ketosis, and this acid-base imbalance.
What is metabolic acidosis?
The hallmark symptom of DI is excessive output of this.
What is dilute urine/polyuria?
Cerebral Salt Wasting differs from SIADH by causing this fluid status.
What is hypovolemia/dehydration?
This acid-base disturbance is common in patients with diarrhea due to loss of bicarbonate.
What is metabolic acidosis?
The shift of fluid from the vascular space to tissues causing hypotension and tachycardia is called.
What is hypovolemia?
Insulin therapy in DKA should only be started after this critical intervention has begun.
What is fluid resuscitation?
In DI, serum osmolality is typically __________, and urine osmolality is __________.
What is high; low?
In SIADH, the serum osmolality is ________, and the urine osmolality is ________.
What is low; high?
This form of calcium is “free” and biologically active, meaning it can be used by the body’s cells.
What is ionized calcium?
This type of fluid is not appropriate for initial volume resuscitation due to its tendency to shift water into cells, potentially worsening cerebral edema.
What is a hypotonic fluid?
This electrolyte must be closely monitored and replaced during DKA treatment due to risk of depletion.
What is potassium (K⁺)?
What medication is the treatment choice for DI?
What is vasopressin?
This key clinical difference in volume status helps distinguish SIADH from cerebral salt wasting.
What is that SIADH causes euvolemia or slight hypervolemia, while CSW causes hypovolemia?
This life-threatening condition can result from rapid correction of chronic hyponatremia.
What is central pontine myelinolysis (osmotic demyelination syndrome)?
This hormone regulates fluid balance by increasing water reabsorption in the kidneys.
What is antidiuretic hormone (ADH)?
In DKA, insulin infusion is typically started at this rate in units/kg/hour.
What is 0.1 units/kg/hour?
A key lab finding in DI is this type of serum sodium level due to free water loss.
What is hypernatremia?
This medication is often used to treat cerebral salt wasting by replacing sodium and volume.
What is hypertonic saline?