Programming Fundamentals
What term describes converting source code into a form that can be executed by a computer?
Compilation
What 2016 movie highlighted Black women mathematicians at NASA?
Hidden Figures
What operator checks equality in most programming languages?
==
What data structure stores elements as key–value pairs?
Hash set or Hash map
What component of a computer is primarily responsible for executing instructions?
CPU (Central Processing Unit)
What term describes a function that does not return a value?
Void function
In what year was Girls Who Code founded?
2012
What logical operator returns true if at least one operand is true?
What data structure follows LIFO (Last In, First Out)?
What type of memory is volatile and loses its contents when the computer is powered off?
RAM
What term describes memory that is allocated during program execution rather than before execution begins?
Dynamic memory allocation
Who is known as the first computer programmer?
Ada Lovelace
What term describes evaluating a compound Boolean expression left to right and stopping once the result is known?
Short-circuit evaluation
What term describes a collection of nodes connected by edges?
Graph
What term describes an instance of a program that is currently running and managed by the operating system, including its own memory space and resources?
Process
What term describes code that is written in one language but can run on multiple operating systems without modification?
Platform-independent
Who was the first woman to win the Turing Award?
Frances E. Allen
What term describes a condition placed at the start of a function to immediately exit when invalid input is detected?
Guard clause
What is the time complexity of accessing an element by index in an array?
O(1)
What operating system component is responsible for managing hardware resources and allowing programs to run safely?
What term describes a programming language feature where variable types are determined at runtime instead of compile time?
Dynamic Typing
Which woman led the software engineering team for NASA’s Apollo missions?
Margaret Hamilton
What term describes a loop that continues execution until a special terminating value is encountered?
Sentinel-controlled loop
What sorting algorithm repeatedly selects the smallest element and moves it to the front?
Selection Sort
What term describes the mechanism that allows the operating system to give the illusion that each process has its own private memory space?
Virtual memory