Thomas Aquinas
What type of governance did Thomas Aquinas advocate for?
Monarchy
In which work did Descartes famously declare, "Cogito, ergo sum" (I think, therefore I am)?
Meditations on First philosophy
How many parts is More's Utopia?
2
What was the central theological debate between Erasmus and Luther?
Free will vs determinism
What is John Locke's opinion on innate ideas?
He rejects the theory of innate ideas
What are the four big topics we covered for Thomas Aquinas?
Governance, Happiness, Law, Ethics
What philosophical school, field, and stance does Descartes belong to? (Rational? Mysticism?)
Descartes belongs to the Rationalist school of philosophy. His main field is about metaphysics and philosophy of mind. His stance is skepticism (method of doubt)
List two norms in a utopian society.
(many correct answers)
e.g. No private property; work 6 hours a day; identical city structures; etc.
What is the perspective that Luther and Erasmus have about the choice human have about good and evil?
Luther think that human are sinful when born. However, Erasmus think human have the ability to choose between good and evil
How does Locke proof that there is no innate practical principles?
1, There is outlaw and robber exist,
2, There is question about moral principle
3, Happiness that human trying to find might not be truth.
4, we are asking for rational explanation, bot born with it.
List three sins in Thomas Aquinas's discussion of Ethics.
War, heresy, suicide, homicide, drunkenness, homosexuality
What is the first principle that Descartes arrives at after employing his method of doubt?
Cogito, ergo sum (I think, therefore I am)
religious freedom- no official state religion
In Christian theology, what is understood as the unmerited favor, mercy, divine assistance given to humanity by God? (Hint. What lead human efficient and free)
Grace
sensory experience
What are the four kinds of laws? List them in the right order.
Eternal law --> Divine law --> Natural law --> Human law
According to Descartes, what are the two substances that make up reality?
Mind and Body
Who is the fictional character that helps narrate the story in the second part of More's Utopia? Why?
Hythloday.
Two possible explanations:
1) Hythloday is a real figure with his
own thoughts and More honestly disagrees with some of the things he says.
2) we may see this as a device for More to protect himself from his political and intellectual enemies
Four different type of Grace.
1,) Natural Grace 2,)Extraordinary Grace(moves sinner to contribution) 3,)Efficient Grace 4,)Salvation
What is the theory of Knowledge that Locke brings? (Hint: start with sense and end with mind abstraction)
Sense, idea mind, memory, name, and mind abstraction)
What is the essence of lawmaking For Thomas Aquinas?
Law must be determined according to reason.
Law must be directed toward the common good and therefore must concern itself with the happiness of the community
Law cannot be made by any person.
Law must always be promulgated (made known to the public).
Summary: “Law is nothing else than an ordination of reason for the common good promulgated by the one who is in charge of the community.”
In Third Meditation, Descartes mentions ideas might fashioned from cogito, corporeal things, or God. Please explain the reasons for the two options he eliminated and the conclusions he finally came to.
Eliminated: 1,)cogito - it is finite substance which cannot contain form of all exist. 2.) Corporeal things - it is not perfect and distinctly. Conclusion: God create me and everything else that exists - God necessary exists
In Utopia, what societal practice is criticized as both unjust and ineffective? Why is it ineffective and, according to the text, what needs to change?
Harsh punishment for crimes like theft is criticized for being unjust.
Many of the crimes were committed under certain conditions that require change:
a) soldiers who become disabled can no longer practice their old trade
b) the servants of noblemen become idle when their master dies
c) the idle soldiers during peace time
d) Poverty makes people into thieves (p.14, top).
e) the enclosing of fields for animal farming (for short-term profit) which leaves many agricultural workers unemployed; both of these make livestock and agricultural products very expensive, and unaffordable for many
Therefore, it is argued in Utopia that the existing penal policy is neither just nor practical, and instead proposes a punishment based on direct retribution.
How did Erasmus and Luther's views on church reform differ?
Erasmus favored gradual reform within the Catholic Church, while Luther favored fast change and the formation of churches.
Explain John Locke's ideas on imagination and pure intellection. How are they different? Hint: triangle example
Imagination is more connected with the body (allows the mind to picture objects). Pure intellection deals with mathematical relations and is stronger in perceiving things.
e.g. In pure intellection, the mind "turns inward" upon itself; In imagining, the mind "turns outward" toward the body.